GE Logiq 9 Service Manual
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GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL Chapter 5 Components and Functions (Theory) 5-11 5-3-3 Scan Control Board (SCB, SCB2) The Scan Control Board combines onto one board the basic functionality of Image Port (IP), Front End Control and Timing (FECT), Scan Sequencer (SS2) and the Scan Trigger (System Timing). A PCI Slave provides communication to the Scan Control Board. The Scan Control Board only supports 64 MB of image memory. The IP2 section of the board serves as an interface for B- and M-Mode image data, video data, and raw I/Q data to be ported to the PC for scan conversion or for further image processing, as in the case of the I/Q data. The image data received from the BMP board will be in a standard eight-bit grayscale format while the I/Q data is received in 16-bit multiplexed data format. The data on each path will be converted to the PipeLink Format within the IP2 section of the board. The FECT section of the board is the master source of timing generation for the entire system. Additionally, it provides the address generation, MUX and interface control for the Time Delay (TD) board during Host accesses and channel memory to RIGEL register transfer mode. The SS2 section of the board performs vector scan control sequencing and interfaces the scan bus to the rest of the system. Each of the four functional blocks will be described at a requirements and functional specification level in future sections. Figure 5-11 SCB Simplified Block Diagram FEC INT: TD_HVFAULT* HVINT* I2CINT* PRBINT* CWINT*(From IP2 Block) SCAN TIGGERS(2:0) EQ_BE_RxSync PA_SCB_ACFAIL(1:0) QRS* LOC_SCAN_BUS(17:0) System Clocks MFG Test Clocks SCB_EQ_RxSync VIDEO_DAT(4:0) From BMP BM_SCB_DAT(9:0) From MEQ IQ_SCB_DAT(31:0)FE_SYTM_BUS(59:0)FECB_CLK(10:0) LOC_CLKIP_CLK IP_CLK EQ_BE_RxSync LOC_SCAN_BUS(13:0) LOC_SLV_PCI_BUS(60:0) To MEQ & BMP GLOB_SEC_PCI(61:0) IP_CLKPCI 33MHz VID_CLK VP_DAT(7:0) SCAN SEQUENCER BLOCK Scan Sequencer and PeripheralsScan Bus I/F VP_ADR(4:0) VP_STB SCAN I/F LETo MEQ, BMP SYS_SCAN_BUS(13:0) SYSTEM TIMING BLOCK FECT BLOCK Front End Control Board Block System Timing ControlClock Generation To TD Boards FEC_TD_BUS(80:0) LOC_CLK DSP PCI & CTRLPCI Slave and Decode PCI Interface IMAGE PORT 2 BLOCK Image Memory IP CONTROL IP_CLK IP_CLK IP_CLK Video and Pipelink Input IP CTRL Local PCI Bus Cable From PC PRIM_PCI(52:0)
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMSPROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL 5-12 Section 5-3 - Front End Processor 5-3-3-1 SCB, SCB2 High Level Features • Generates and buffers system clocks: - 40 MHz (40P0 and 40P1) - 10 Mhz (BPCLK) -TXSync - RxSync • Configures the beamformer to fire B/M-Mode, Color, or PW Doppler vectors. • Controls scan sequencing in real-time; setting the vector firing order and timing intervals. • PCI interface to Back End Processor (BEP), BMP, and EQ or EBM/EBM2. • Buffers B/M data from BMP/EBM/EBM2, data from the EQ/EBM/EBM2 (for Color and PW Doppler), and video data from the VCR to transmit to the BEP for software processing and display. • Interface between Host PCI and TD boards. 5-3-3-2 Compatibility Only SCB2 Boards should be used with R3.0.0 software and greater 5-3-3-3 Scan Control Board LEDs Table 5-3 SCB LED Indications Function MonitoredLED Number LED ColorLED Function I960 Processor DS1 Red i960 Fail DS2 Yellow i960 Local Bus Activity Image Port DS3 Red Toggles during Image Port Frames DS4GreenToggles during Image Port Frames DS5YellowIP Master Enable DS6YellowIP Master Ready Pipelink DS7 Red IQ Left FIFO Error DS8 Red IQ Right FIFO Error DS9 Red BM FIFO Error DS10FIFO’s Empty Scan SequenceDS11RedCrash DS12YellowFIFO Error DS13 Yellow Command Pulse DS14 Yellow Unused DS15 Yellow Pause DS16GreenUnused DS17GreenHappy Light - Toggles during Scan Sequence DS18GreenHappy Light - Toggles during Scan Sequence
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL Chapter 5 Components and Functions (Theory) 5-13 Table 5-4 SCB2 2365739 LED Indications LED Number LED ColorLED Function DS1 Green FPGA Programming Done (Passed) DS2 Red i960 Fail DS5 Green Toggles during Image Port Frames DS6RedToggles during Image Port Frames DS7RedCrash DS8YellowFIFO Error DS9 Yellow Command Pause DS10 Yellow Unused DS11 Yellow Pause DS12GreenUnused DS13GreenHappy Light (toggles during Scan Sequence) DS14GreenHappy Light (toggles during Scan Sequence)
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMSPROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL 5-14 Section 5-3 - Front End Processor 5-3-4 Equalization (EQ) Board 5-3-4-1 General Description The EQ dynamically gains and filters the received signal output from the final beamformer sum. TGC control calculates range dependent analog and digital gains. The digital gain is applied to the I/Q signal. The gained signal is then rotated in frequency to place the frequency of interest in the passband of the subsequent FIR lowpass filter. The rotator center frequency may also be range dependent. These controls, and the selection of the FIR coefficients may also be processing bank, vector number, or transmit focal zone dependent. Figure 5-12 EQ Board Block Diagram Scan Control BusSCAN Control I/FLocal Board Control Temperature Monitoring Circuits Voltage Monitoring Circuits IIC SPROM IIC A/D ConvertersLocal Board Control Local Board ControlXDIF/Probe Bus To: XDIF & Relay Comm Control Bus To: XDIFLocal Board Control XDIF and Probe I/F Commutat or Control I/F Local Board Control CLK-10MHZ CLK-10MHZ Analog DelayBase TGC Dynamic ApodizationAnalog TGC Digital TGCTGC Bus To: TDs V-Ref GenMUX BARREL SHIFTER Gain Mod’s 5 Gain Mod’s 5LUT Delay Td: I-dat 21I (L,R) 5 Td: Q-dat 21Q (L,R) 16 17 17 16 I (L,R) I (L,R) 16 Q (L,R) 16Q (L,R) 16 I (L,R) 16 Q (L,R) 16 I (L,R) 16 Q (L,R) 16 I (L,R) 16 Q (L,R) 16 I (L,R) Q (L,R)MULTIPLIER NCOMNCO FPGAFIR FIR Coef RAM Coef RAM Data Pipe Bus To: BMP/SCB BARREL SHIFT AND OUTPUT FPGA EQ Board Block Diagram
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL Chapter 5 Components and Functions (Theory) 5-15 5-3-4-2 Basic Functions • Compensates for the attenuation of the transmitted signal in tissue by depth: performs TGC based on focal zone. • Compensates for frequency shift (TFC) in tissue, needed in B-Mode and M-Mode. • Filters out harmonics and optimizes signal to noise ratio. • Delivers amplified and corrected I & Q data to the BMP and the Scan Control Board. • Interfaces probe detection and probe ID signals between the XDIF and the host. • Controls transducer commutator (multiplexer) for muxed probes with more elements than channels in the beamformer. • Monitors active probe temperature. • Masters the front end (FE) I2C busses for voltage and temperature monitoring. • Turns off PHVP on the cardrack power supply if a TD board pulls too much power or malfunctions. 5-3-4-3 Data I/O The EQ signal input shall be two’s complement I and Q data busses input from the final summer of the beamformer. The EQ I and Q inputs shall be 24-bits wide each, including the sign bit. The EQ outputs shall be 16 bits wide each, including the sign bit. 5-3-4-4 Control I/O Scanning control shall be provided by the scan bus. Configuration control shall be provided by a PCI bus. Timing control shall be provided such that all range dependent functions modify data at the correct range. This requires two programmable delays times: analog delay, and digital delay. The range dependent sfunctions include TGC, and TFC. 5-3-4-5 Analog Delay The EQ use a programmable “analog delay” to time the start of TGC generation from TXSYNC (the start of transmit). This will be set according to the time from TXSYNC until range 0 echoes arrive at the phase center channel analog TGC amplifiers. Latencies will be considered when setting this analog delay to insure that the analog gain is applied to the received signal for the intended range. 5-3-4-6 Digital Delay The EQ uses a programmable “digital delay” to time the application of all range dependent functions on the EQ. This will be set according to the time from RXSYNC (the beginning of a receive vector) until range 0 echoes arrive at the EQ input. Normally this will be set to zero since vectors usually start with range 0; however, virtual apex vector normally start vectors on a curved surface above the actual range 0. The EQ shall additionally delay all range dependent functions equal to the relative delay of the data, to insure that the range dependent data and functions are aligned. 5-3-4-7 Modes of Operation The VEQ signal processing shall support two modes of operation: 10 MHz left only, and 5 MHz interleaved left/right. In the 10 MHz left only mode the I/Q data will represent a single (left) beam sampled at 10 MHz. In the 5 MHz interleaved left/right mode, the I/Q data will contain samples for a first beam (left) interleaved with those of a second beam (right), where each is sampled at 5 MHz. These modes of operation will normally be associated with different display modes. The 10 MHz left only mode will most commonly be used for 2D B or M-mode. The 5 MHz interleaved left/right will most commonly be used for colorflow, and the 5 MHz left only, for Doppler.
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMSPROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL 5-16 Section 5-3 - Front End Processor 5-3-4-8 Signal Processing The signal path includes TGC (time gain compensation) followed by TFC (time frequency compensation). All reductions in data precision are done via rounding. Overflows are prevented by providing clamping when necessary. 5-3-4-9 Time Gain Compensation (TGC) The TGC block provides analog gain control to the frontend analog signal path and applies digital gain to beamformer output signal. The maximum signal of the TGC is limited only by the 16-bit output and the 24-bit input. There are not any internal reduction to less than what can be supported by the input and output data widths. The EQ TGC shall include three gain functions: -Range Dependent Base TGC. The TGC gain shall include a range dependent base TGC to compensate for transmit and receive diffraction and round trip attenuation. -Vector Gain Offset. The vector gain offset provides compensation for intensity variations as a result of steering and elemental directivity. -Vector and Range Dependent Dynamic Apodization Compensation Gain. A range and vector dependent function shall adjust the digital TGC to compensate for dynamic receive apodization. Adjusting gain inversely proportional to the aperture size maximizes dynamic range by fixing the relationship between maximum beamformer output and maximum EQ signal across all vectors, and during reception while analog gain is ramping up. After TGC, a frequency rotator (numerically controlled oscillator mixer) will shift the I and Q data desired frequency band to baseband. The frequency shift will vary with range to track the band shift due to attenuation. It will also account for non-destructive aliasing which has already taken place in the beamformer. A real coefficient lowpass FIR will provide increased SNR, fundamental rejection for harmonics, and decoding for coded excitation. Since it is a real filter, I and Q will be filtered identically.
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL Chapter 5 Components and Functions (Theory) 5-17 5-3-5 B/M Mode Processor (BMP) Board 5-3-5-1 General Description The B/M-mode Processor (BMP) subsystem takes the digital complex data from the EQ subsystem and converts it to either B-mode (2D) or M-mode (timeline) data. • Processes I & Q data for B-Mode and M-Mode imaging. • Calculates echo signal’s amplitude. • Converts sample rate to display rate. • Implements dynamic range and edge enhancement. • Splices multiple focal zones into one image. • Sends processed B/M data to the Scan Control Board.Figure 5-13 BMP Internal Functions Figure 5-14 BMP Control Inputs/Outputs
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMSPROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL 5-18 Section 5-3 - Front End Processor 5-3-5-2 Receive Signal Processing The receive signal processing function performs the majority of the data processing within the BMP subsystem. The incoming digital complex data is processed for use with the B-Mode or timeline (M- Mode) outputs. The receive signal processing is functionally partitioned into the synthetic aperture, axial interpolation, detector and compounder, smoothing filter, rate converter, dynamic range compression, edge enhance and splicer blocks as shown in Figure 4. The lateral spatial filter is needed when 2-for-1 b-mode imaging is implemented.Figure 5-15 BMP Top Block Diagram I Data (From EQ) Q Data 1 12 2 21DIAG12DIAG12DIAG 15/15/15/16/ 16/16/ 16/16/ 16/Test Vector Generator Synthetic AperatureAxial InterpolationDetector and Vector CompoundingLow Pass FilterRate Converter 1 1 221 12212DIAG 8/ 8/8/ 8/8/8/Dynamic Range CompressionEdge EnhanceSplicerB-Mode OutputB/M Mode Output M-Mode Output M Data PCI Address, Data and Control Scan Bus Address, Data and Control PCI I/F Vector Configuration Clock DistributionPower I/F
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL Chapter 5 Components and Functions (Theory) 5-19 5-3-5-2Receive Signal Processing (cont’d) •Synthetic Aperture - In synthetic aperture mode, multiple firings from different sets of transducer elements are summed to form a single coherent vector. Control of the summing process is provided by scan control parameters. The accumulate and synthesis (sum) operations are also used for B- Flow data processing. •Coherent Lateral Average (Shared Service) - The lateral average block applies a 2-point or 3- point box-car average from vector to vector. In 1:1 imaging mode, this can produce some SNR gain and restrict lateral spatial bandwidth prior to detection. More importantly, the lateral averaging is needed in 2:1 mode to smooth out the differences between Left and Right beams. This feature is not required until the shared service release. •Axial Interpolator - The axial interpolator function is applied along each vector to double the data sampling rate prior to envelope detection. This is done to prevent axial signal aliasing after the nonlinear detection process. The system provides an enable signal to turn on this 2x axial interpolation. •Detector and Compounder - The purpose of the detector is to compute the polar magnitude of the complex I/Q data. The detector output is passed into a vector compounder which can reduce speckle by summing up multiple receive vectors along each scan line. The vector compounder can be used in conjunction with the synthetic aperture block. That is, a vector finally output from the compounder may be the accumulation of up to 32 input vectors (4 vectors compounded – each of which being an accumulation of 8 vectors in the synthetic aperture block.). The vector compounder shall support bypass vectors and accumulated vectors in the same scan sequence, with gain only applied to the accumulated vectors. •Smoothing Filter - The smoothing filter serves primarily as an anti-aliasing filter before rate conversion, though it may also be viewed as an axial compounding device for speckle reduction. •Rate Converter - The purpose of the rate converter is to reduce the size of the received vector to that allowed by the PC backend. The rate conversion shall be by means of a cubic interpolator. Each output sample is produce from the nearest four input range samples. The coefficients used are a function of the output samples fractional position between input range samples. The rate converter FIFO and associated counter shall support a 36 cm display depth. •Dynamic Log Compress - The purpose of the dynamic log compress is to map the input dynamic range (90 dB) to a display dynamic range (48 dB) suitable for human perception. The input dynamic range is reduced, while the input noise threshold is raised with increasing depths. The goal is to improve image perception degraded by signal loss at greater depths. The dynamic range compression shall provide a precision of 0.25 dB in offset and range (gain).Figure 5-16 Receive Signal Processing
GE MEDICAL SYSTEMSPROPRIETARY TO GE D IRECTION 2294854-100, REVISION 3 LOGIQ™ 9 PROPRIETARYMANUAL 5-20 Section 5-3 - Front End Processor 5-3-5-2Receive Signal Processing (cont’d) •Edge Enhance - The edge enhance filter block enhances the high frequency components of high amplitude signals corresponding to edges of structures. The filter coefficients will vary with different rate conversion on B or M vectors, due to depth or display size differences (including zoomed and dual images), or due to operator selection. The small reference image for zoom will not use edge enhance. The basic approach for edge enhance is to high pass filter the data and sum it back in with the unfiltered data, with multipliers to allow variable weights (gain1, gain2) on the filtered and unfiltered data. The high pass leg of the filter can be a function of the amplitude of the delayed all pass leg. This is accomplished using a LUT. •Multi-transmit Splicer - the splicer block is used to piece together sections of data from incoming vectors. During multi-transmit focal zone imaging it is used to extract the regions in vectors which surround the transmit focal depth. It extracts and combines groups of these higher focus regions into single output vectors. It smoothes the transitions regions between these segments so as to hide the edge effect which would otherwise be created by the combining of different vector data sets. 5-3-6 EBM, EBM2 Board The EBM Board was used on forward production units starting with BT’02 (November 2002). The EBM2 Board was used on forward production units starting with R3.0.0 Software (BT’03 October 2003). The detailed functionality is found in the previous EQ and BMP sections. 5-3-6-1 Overview The EBM/EBM2 board is the data path interface board between the last Time Delay board (TD) and the Scan Control Board (SCB). The EBM/EBM2 receives data from the Time Delay boards, processes the data for depth attenuation effects, and passes the data on to the BM processor, then to the Scan Control Board. This board is composed of two main sections the Equalization (EQ) and the B/M Mode Processor (BMP). The EQ section compensates for the attenuation of ultrasound in tissue. The attenuation of ultrasound in tissue is usually modeled as being linearly dependent on frequency and depth. The EQ section provides two major data processing functions to compensate for this phenomenon, Time Gain Control (TGC), and Time Frequency Control (TFC). Using TGC and TFC, the EQ ”equalizes” image signals by removing depth dependent attenuation effects from the signal, hence the name ”equalization” board. In layman terms, the EQ gives a point deeper in the body an equal opportunity to contribute to the ultrasound image as one closer to the body’s surface. The BMP section process IQ Vectors from the EQ to create B and M mode vectors. This design is composed of 12 major blocks; Synthetic Aperture, Axial Interpolator, Detector/Vector Compounder, Smoothing Filter, Rate Converter, Dynamic Range Compression, Edge enhance, Splicer, B–Mode Output, M–Mode Output, Vector Configuration and the PCI Interface. 5-3-6-2 Modes of Operation The EBM/EBM2 equalization design section supports two input data buses from the final summer of the TD board set. The two buses are referred to as the I and Q data buses (or pipes). Each two’s complement bus is 24 bits wide and passes data from the final TD board to the EBM/EBM2 board. Different system modes of operation cause the two data pipes to handle data in different ways. The EBM/EBM2 board transfers output data to the Scan Control Board over two, two’s complement sixteen bit I and Q buses. Internal EBM/EBM2 board data pipes are sixteen bit two’s complement format.