Land Rover Defender Workshop Rover Manual
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74WHEELS ANDTYRES 2 FAULT DIAGNOSIS FAULT -SYMPTOMS Vibration throughsteering wheel 1. Check tyrepressures See Repair, Tyre Pressures . 2. Check condition oftyres See Tyre Wear Chart. 3. Check frontwheel alignment SeeSTEERING, Adjustment, FrontWheel Alignment . 4. Check wheelbalance SeeRepair, Wheel Balancing . NOTE: Inthe event thatanyapparent vibration isnot eliminated atthis stage See PROPELLER SHAFTS,Fault diagnosis, VibrationHarshness . NOTE:Inthe event thatanyapparent vibration isnot eliminated atthis stage, go to steering FaultDiagnosis, Fault- Symptom (Steeringvibration, roadwheel shimmy/wobble) See STEERING, Faultdiagnosis, Steering Faults . NOTE:Radialplytyres haveaflexible sidewall, whichproduces asidewall bulge making thetyre appear under-inflated. This isanormal condition forradial plytyres. Do not attempt toreduce thisbulge byover-inflating the tyre. Key toillustration 1. Correct inflation. 2. Under-inflation. 3. Over-inflation. 4. Tread contact withroad.
WHEELSANDTYRES 1 REPAIR GENERAL INFORMATION WARNING: Thisisamulti-purpose vehicle with wheels andtyres designed forboth on and offroad usage. Onlyusewheels and tyres specified foruse onthe vehicle. The vehicle isequipped withtubeless S,TorH rated radial plytyres asstandard equipment. The tyres areofEuropean metricsizeandmust notbe confused withthePsize metric tyresavailable in North America. Vehicle wheelsets,including sparewheel, mustbe fitted withthesame makeandtype oftyre tothe correct specification andtread pattern. Underno circumstances mustcross-ply orbias-belted tyresbe used. For tyre specification andpressures See INTRODUCTION, Information,WheelsandTyres . Steel wheels Tubeless tyresaremounted on7.0 inch wide by16 inch diameter steelwheels. Alloy Wheels Tubeless tyresaremounted on7.0 inch wide by16 inch diameter castaluminium alloywheels. The surface hasapaint finish covered withaclear polyurethane lacquer.Caremustbetaken when handling thewheel toavoid scratching orchipping the finish.The alloy wheel rimisof the asymmetric hump type incorporating asafety humptoimprove location ofthe tyre bead inits seat. Ifdifficulty is experienced infitting tyrestothis type ofrim See Tyre Fitting . WARNING: DONOT fitan inner tubetoan alloy wheel. TYRE INSPECTION Inspect tyresatweekly intervals toobtain maximum tyre lifeand performance andtoensure compliance with legal requirements. Checkforsigns ofincorrect inflation anduneven wear,which mayindicate aneed for balancing orfront wheel alignment, SeeFault diagnosis, TyreWear Chart ,if the tyres have abnormal oruneven wearpatterns. Check tyresatleast weekly forcuts, abrasions, bulges and forobjects embedded inthe tread. Morefrequent inspections arerecommended whenthevehicle is regularly usedinoff road conditions. Toassist tyreinspection, treadwearindicators are moulded intothebottom ofthe tread grooves, as shown inthe illustration above. Whenthetread hasworn toadepth of1.6 mm the indicators appearatthe surface asbars which connect thetread pattern acrossthewidth ofthe tread as shown inthe illustration above.
74WHEELS ANDTYRES 2 REPAIR When theindicators appearintwo ormore adjacent grooves, atthree locations aroundthetyre, anew tyre must befitted. NOTE: DONOT attempt tointerchange tyres, e.g.from front torear, astyre wear produces characteristic patterns depending ontheir position. Iftyre position is changed afterwear hasoccured, theperformance of the tyre willbeadversely affected. NOTE:Territorial vehicleregulations governing tyrewear MUST beadhered to. WHEELS INSPECTION Regularly checkthecondition ofthe wheels. Replace any wheel thatisbent, cracked, dentedorhas excessive runout. VALVES INSPECTION Check condition ofinflation valve.Replace anyvalve that isworn, cracked, loose,orleaking air. TYRE PRESSURES Maximum tyrelifeand performance willbe obtained onlyiftyres aremaintained atthe correct pressures . Tyre pressures mustbechecked atleast once aweek and preferably daily,ifthe vehicle isused offroad. The tyreinflation pressure iscalculated togive the vehicle satisfactory rideand steering characteristics without compromising tyretread life.For recommended tyrepressures inall conditions See INTRODUCTION, Information,WheelsandTyres . Always checktyreinflation pressures usingan accurate gaugeandinflate tyrestothe recommended pressuresonly. Check andadjust tyrepressures ONLYwhenthe tyres arecold, vehicle parkedforthree hours ormore, or driven forless than 3.2km(2miles) atspeeds below 64km/h (40mph). Donot reduce inflation pressures ifthe tyres arehotorthe vehicle hasbeen driven formore than3.2km(2miles) atspeeds over 64 km/h (40mph), aspressures canincrease by0.41 bars (6lb/in 2 ) over coldinflation pressures. Check ALLtyrepressures includingthespare. Refit the valve capsasthey form apositive sealandkeep dust outofthe valve.
WHEELSANDTYRES 3 REPAIR WHEEL BALANCING CAUTION: Itis essential thatallwheel balancing iscarried outoffthe vehicle. The useofon the vehicle balancing could cause component damageorpersonal injuryand MUST NOTbeattempted. NOTE: Before attempting tobalance a wheel andtyre assembly cleanallmud and dirt deposits frombothinside andoutside rims andremove existing balanceweights. Remove stonesfromthetyre tread inorder toavoid operator injuryduring dynamic balancing andtoobtain the correct balance. Inspect tyresfordamage andcorrect tyrepressures and balance according tothe equipment manufacturers instructions. Steelwheels Clean areaofwheel rimand attach balance weightsin position shown. Alloywheels Clean areaofwheel rimand attach adhesive balance weights inposition shown.Cutthrough rearface of weight striptodetach required weights. CAUTION: Useonly correct adhesive balance weightstoavoid damage to aluminium wheelrim.DONOT attempt to use asteel wheel weight onanaluminium wheel.
74WHEELS ANDTYRES 4 REPAIR Static balance Wheel tramp A-Heavy spot. B -Add balance weightshere. C -Centre lineofspindle. Static balance isthe equal distribution ofweight around thewheel. Astatically unbalanced wheelwill cause abouncing actioncalledwheeltramp. This condition willeventually causeuneven tyrewear. Dynamic balance Wheel shimmyA-Heavy spot. B -Add balance weightshere. C -Centre lineofspindle. Dynamic balanceisthe equal distribution ofweight on each sideofthe centre linesothat when thewheel spins thereisno tendency forside toside movement. A dynamically unbalancedwheelwillcause wheel shimmy.
WHEELSANDTYRES 5 REPAIR Off vehicle balancing Balance wheelassembly referringtoequipment manufacturers instructions. It is essential thatthewheel islocated bythe centre hole NOT thestud holes. Toensure positive wheel location thediameter ofthe locating collaronthe machine shaftmustbe112,80 to112,85 mm(4.441 to 4.443 in).This diameter willensure thatthecollar fits correctly withinthecentre holeofthe wheel. Where possible, alwaysusethevehicle wheel retaining nutstolocate thewheel onthe balancer, to avoid damaging thewheel. Ifthis isnot possible, the locating nutsmust beofasimilar pattern tothe original wheelnuts.Theuseofconical typewheel nuts forthis purpose maydamage thesurface onalloy wheels. CleaningWash thealuminium wheelsusingasuitable wash and wax concentrate, correctlydilutedandrinse with cold clear water. DONOT useabrasives oraluminium wheel cleaners containing acid,asthey willdestroy the lacquer finish. Tyre changing Use only tyrechanging equipment tomount or demount tyres,following theequipment manufacturers instructions.DONOT usehand tools or tyre levers, asthey maydamage tyrebeads orthe wheel rim. Puncture repair Remove punctured tyrefrom wheel andrepair usinga combination serviceplugandvulcanising patch. Always followmanufacturers instructionswhenusing a puncture repairkit. Only punctures intread areaarereparable, DONOT attempt torepair punctures intyre shoulders or sidewalls.Do not attempt torepair atyre thathassustained the following: bulgesorblisters, plyseparation, brokenor cracked beads,wearindicators visibleandpunctures larger than6m m diameter. CAUTION: Donot use tyre sealants that are injected throughvalvestemtorepair punctured tyres,theymayproduce wheel corrosion andtyre imbalance. Aluminium wheelrimbead seats should becleaned using anon-abrasive cleanertoremove themounting lubricants andoldrubber. Beforemounting or demounting atyre, bead areashould bewell lubricated withasuitable tyrelubricant. TYRE FITTING Alloy wheels 1. Install anew valve assembly. 2. Ensure wheelandtyreisadequately lubricated. 3. Mount tyreinnormal manner. Inflatetyreand at same timeapply handpressure toarea around valve toaid seating overvalve first. NOTE: Stopinflation immediately iftyre seats opposite valve,asthis willresult in valve being blocked bytyre beading, making furtherinflation impossible, andcarry out following procedure. 4. Deflate tyre,unseat androtate itaround therim until valve isin line with thatpart oftyre which seated initially. Thispartofbeading having seated overhump previously willautomatically seat firstwhen tyreisre-inflated. 5. Inflate tyretoseat beads correctly, finallyinflate to correct pressure.
74WHEELS ANDTYRES 6 REPAIR REV:09/97 WHEELS Remove WARNING: Theparking brakeactson transmission, notrear wheels, andmay not hold vehicle whenjacking unless following procedure isused. Ifone front wheel and onerear wheel israised novehicle holding or braking effectispossible. WheelsMUSTbe chocked inall circumstances. Apply parking brake,selectagear inmain gearbox andengage lowgear intransfer box. 1. Loosen 5wheel nuts. 2. Using asuitable trolleyjack,raise vehicle and place onaxle stands SeeINTRODUCTION, Information, Jacking . 3. Remove wheelnutsandcarefully withdraw wheel overstuds. Refit 4. Ensure thatretaining studsandnuts areclean. 5. Alloy wheels: Lightlycoatwheel mounting spigot face withasuitable anti-seize compound to minimise possibility ofadhesion betweenwheel and spigot face. 6. Refit wheel taking carenottodamage stud threads. (Donotapply oil). 7. Fitwheel nutsandturn byhand foratleast three full threads beforeusinganyform ofwheel wrench. 8. Tighten nutsasmuch aspossible usinga suitable wrench. 9. Lower vehicle andfinally tighten nutstocorrect torque sequence shown. Alloy wheels - 130Nm(96lbf/ft) Steel wheels -100Nm(80lbf/ft) Heavy dutywheels -170Nm(125 lbf/ft)
WHEELSANDTYRES 7 REPAIR REV: 09/97 WHEEL STUD Remove 1. Remove wheel SeeWheels. 2.Drive studoutofdriveshaft flange. Refit 3. Position studinflange. 4. Install asuitable spaceroverstud. 5. Using aM16 x1.5 nut, aslave wheel nutis suitable, pullstud intoflange untilshoulder of stud abuts flange. 6. Refit wheel.
CHASSISANDBODY 1 DESCRIPTION ANDOPERATION CHASSIS ANDBODY Chassis The chassis onallDefender variantsareofthe box section, laddertypeconstruction, manufactured from 2 m m (14swg) steelandtreated withzinc phosphate, cathodic electrocoated, followed bywaxing inthe rear crossmember. Outriggers andangled brackets weldedtothe chassis support suspension andaxle components andare also used asbody mounting points.Adetachable box section crossmember, locatedbetween thetwo chassis longitudinals isfitted tofacilitate maingearbox and tranfer boxassembly removal. Should chassis damage occur,acomprehensive range ofcomponents areavailable, includingbody support outriggers, crossmembers andradius arm mounting brackets.ALWAYS fitgenuine partsthatare fully guaranteed andtooriginal equipment specification, fittedwithLand Rovers BS5135 welding standard. Body Allbody panels, withtheexception ofthe fascia bulkhead, aremanufactured fromaluminium alloy. Galvanized steelisused forthe front wheel arches to give optimum protection. Mostpanels arealso treated with zinc phosphate andcathodic electrocoated with polyester surfacer,andarebolted tothe welded chassis.
76CHASSIS ANDBODY 2 DESCRIPTION ANDOPERATION LAND ROVER 90