Land Rover Defender Workshop Rover Manual
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STEERING3 FAULT DIAGNOSIS STEERING DAMPER The power steering system,aswell asreducing the effort required tomanoeuvre thevehicle when parking, alsohelps todampen anydeflections ofthe road wheels, beingtransmitted backtothe steering wheel. When operating thevehicle offroad, theroad wheels are often deflected byruts and boulders causingthe steering wheeltoturn leftand right. Thisphenomenon is known assteering kickback. Tosubdue theeffects of steering kickback, ahydraulic damperisfitted in the steering linkagebetween thetrack rodand the differential casing.Thedamper, whichoffersthesame resistance inextension andcompression, issealed for life.Steering dampercheck Check thecondition operation ofthe hydraulic steering damperasfollows: Check procedure 1. Inspect damper forcasing damage orleaks. 2. Clamp oneendofthe damper horizontally ina vice using softjaws. Compress andextend the unit byhand. Resistance shouldbeequal inboth directions. 3. Ifitis felt that theunit isoutside acceptable limits, fitanew steering damper STEERING FAULTS Symptom:-Excessive kickbackthroughsteering wheel-when driven onrough terrain. 1. Isthe steering damperingood working order? SeeSteering Damper. NO -Renew unit SeeRepair, Steering Damper . YES -Continue. 2. Isthere anylooseness orfree play inthe steering balljoints andlinkage? YES - See Steering LinkageInspect. NO -Continue. 3. Isthere anylooseness orworn bushes infront suspension? YES - SeeFRONT SUSPENSION, Repair, Radius Arm . NOTE:Whenreplacing suspension bushes ALL bushes andfixings mustbereplaced. NO -Continue. 4. Isthe steering exceptionally light/sensitive when driven ongood roadsurface? YES -See fault symptom -Steering excessively light/sensitive andfreeplay at steering wheel. NO -Suspect axleswivel resistance. 5. Check theresistance ofthe axle swivels See FRONT AXLEANDFINAL DRIVE, Overhaul, Front StubAxle, Constant VelocityJointand Swivel PinHousing .
57STEERING 4 FAULT DIAGNOSIS Symptom:- Fluid leaks fromsteering boxseals. CAUTION: Thesteering wheelmustnotbe held onfull lock formore than30seconds in one minute, asthis may overheat the fluid andcause damage tothe oilseals. 1. Check fluidlevel SeeRepair, PowerSteering Fluid Reservoir . Check fluidpressure See Power Steering System -Test . 2. Ispressure high? YES -Renew pump SeeRepair, Power steering Pump . If oil seal leaks persist afterrenewing thepump See Overhaul, PowerSteering Box. NO - See Overhaul, PowerSteering Box. Symptom:- Insufficient powerassistance -castor return action normal. 1. Are tyres correct typeandpressure? NO - See GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA, Information, WheelsandTyres . YES -Continue. 2. Isfluid level correct? NO -Check fluidlevel SeeRepair, Power Steering FluidReservoir . YES -Check system forairlocks See Repair, Power Steering System-Bleed . 3. Ispressure correct? NO -Check fluidpressure See Power Steering System -Test . If pressure isnot correct afterbleeding the system, renewpump SeeRepair, Power Steering Pump . YES - SeeOverhaul, PowerSteering Box.Symptom:-Steering heavy-stiff, poor castor returnaction. 1. Are tyres correct typeandpressure? NO - See INTRODUCTION, Information, Wheels andTyres . YES -Check universal jointsforseizure and correct alignment SeeRepair, LowerSteering Shaft andUniversal Joints . Check powersteering boxadjustments See Overhaul, PowerSteering Box . 2. Isthe power assistance satisfactory? NO -See fault symptom Insufficient assistance, (castorreturnaction normal) . YES -Disconnect draglinkfrom drop armand check steering columnandboxforstiffness See Repair, DragLinkandDrag LinkEnds . 3. Isthe steering stiffwith thedrag link disconnected? NO -Check steering balljoints forseizure and axle swivels lubrication andresistance See Repair, DragLinkandDrag LinkEnds ,See FRONT AXLEANDFINAL DRIVE, Overhaul, Front StubAxle, Constant VelocityJointand Swivel PinHousing . YES -Disconnect thelower steering shaftand check thecolumn andboxforstiffness See Repair, LowerSteering ShaftandUniversal Joints . 4. Isthe steering columnstifftoturn when disconnected fromthebox? NO -Remove andoverhaul box SeeOverhaul, Power Steering Box . YES -Adjust steering column SeeStiff Steering Checklist .
STEERING5 FAULT DIAGNOSIS Symptom :- Steering excessively light/sensitive. Excessive freeplay atsteering wheel. 1. Are steering boxadjustments correct? NO - See Adjustment, PowerSteering Box. WARNING: Adjustments ofsteering box should notberequired whileinwarranty period. Ifbox iswithin warranty, itmust be returned tomanufacturer. Noattempt mustbe made tointroduce backlash. YES -Suspect wornpanhard rodorradius arm bushes. Checkcondition ofball joints andthe lower steering columnshaftuniversal jointsfor wear See Repair, LowerSteering Shaftand Universal Joints . Symptom :- Steering vibration, roadwheel shimmy -wobble. Vibration throughthesteering linkagepowerful enough toinduce highfrequency oscillationofthe steering wheel,isgenerally causedbyout ofbalance road wheels. However thereareanumber ofother possible causesofthis symptom whichifsevere, may be described asshimmy orwobble. Regardless ofthe terminology usedbythe owner/driver todescribe the symptoms, thefollowing diagnostic checksshouldbe carried outinthe order presented. 1. Check thetyres andbalance ofthe road wheels SeeINTRODUCTION, Information,Wheels and Tyres ,SeeWHEELS ANDTYRES, Fault diagnosis, Fault-Symptoms SeeWHEELS AND TYRES, Repair, WheelBalancing . 2.Check thesteering hydraulic damperfunction SeeSteering Damper. 3. Check steering columnuniversal jointsforwear and correct alignment SeeRepair, Lower Steering ShaftandUniversal Joints . 4. Check steering linkageballjoints forwear, correct alignment andsecurity, including steering box and tierod See Steering LinkageInspect . 5. Check allfront suspension rubbersforwear. Check allfixing torques, including radiusarm bushes, panhard rodand anti-roll bar See FRONT SUSPENSION, Repair,Panhard Rod , SeeFRONT SUSPENSION, Repair,Radius Arm ,See FRONT SUSPENSION, Repair, Anti-Roll Bar ,SeeFRONT SUSPENSION, Repair, FrontShock Absorber . 6. Fitnew radius armbushes usingNTC6781. Fit new nuts, boltsandwashers. 7. Ifproblem persistsfitdamper kitSTC 288-90, STC 290-110/130 (2off front) andSTC 289- 90, STC 291-110 levelled, STC292-110 unlevelled, STC293-130 (2off rear). Road test vehicle. 8. Check thepower steering boxadjustments and operation See Overhaul, PowerSteering Box . 9. Check thehub bearing endfloats anddetermine the condition ofthe hub bearings asapplicable See FRONT AXLEANDFINAL DRIVE, Repair, Front HubAssembly . 10. Check theresistance andcondition ofthe swivels See FRONT AXLEANDFINAL DRIVE, Description andoperation, Description . If problem isnot diagnosed: Repeatchecks starting at1. 11. Carry outafull steering geometry check See GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA, Information, Steering .
57STEERING 6 FAULT DIAGNOSIS STEERING STABILITY ANDVEER UNDER BRAKING Possible cause: Incorrectly set,swivel pinbearing preload. Remedy. 1. Follow instructions tooverhaul frontstubaxle, constant velocityjointandswivel pin See FRONT AXLEANDFINAL DRIVE, Overhaul, Front StubAxle, Constant VelocityJointand Swivel PinHousing . 1. GENERAL STEERING 1. Carry outvisual andsafety checks SeeVisual and Safety Checks . 2. Road testvehicle See Road TestProcedure. 3. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue 4. Isproblem stiffsteering? YES - See StiffSteering Checklist. N O -G oto6 . 5. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -go to 8. 6. Isproblem steeringniggle? YES -Replace radiusarmbushes, armandaxle See FRONT SUSPENSION, Repair,Radius Arm . NO -go to 8. 7. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 8. Centralise steeringbox SeeAdjustment, Centralise SteeringBox . 9. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 10. Check, adjustifnecessary, steeringgeometry. 11. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 12. Categorise theremaining problemsintoone or more ofthe following descriptions: See2.Steering Veer. See3.Veer Under Braking. See4.Directional Stability.
STEERING7 FAULT DIAGNOSIS 2. STEERING VEER From 1.GENERAL STEERING: 1. Vehicle veers,notunder braking, swapfront tyres sidetoside. 2. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 3. Does vehicle nowveer inother direction? YES -fit new tyres NO -continue. 4. Recentralise steeringbox SeeAdjustment, Centralise SteeringBox. 5.Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -contact localtechnical office. 3. VEER UNDER BRAKING From 1.GENERAL STEERING: 1. Vehicle veersunder braking, bleedbrake system. 2. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 3. Check brakepadsforglazing, anddiscs, axles etc forcontamination. 4. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 5. Check brakelinesandhoses fordeterioration. Replace asnecessary. 6. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 7. Contact localtechnical office.
57STEERING 8 FAULT DIAGNOSIS 4. DIRECTIONAL STABILITY From 1.GENERAL STEERING: 1. Isdirectional stabilityconcern whenvehicle is towing? YES -Check towing/vehicle loadingparameters in Owners Handbook. NO -go to 3. 2. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 3. Check condition ofrear trailing link/chassis bushes. 4. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 5. Check condition offront andrear shock absorbers. Ifnecessary, changeunitsinpairs, side toside. 6. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 7. Check steering damper SeeSteering Damper . 8. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 9. Check wheelbalance 10. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -contact localtechnical office. POWER STEERING FLUIDLEAKS 1. Isfluid level correct? YES -go to 3. NO -Refill ordrain tocorrect level.Bleed system, checkforleaks See Repair, Power Steering System-Bleed. 2. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 3. Are hoses orjoints leaking? Checkonfull lock with engine at2000 rev/min. YES -loosen andretorque joints. NO -go to 6. 4. Does leakremain? YES -change PASpipe. NO -end. 5. Does leakremain? YES -suspect sealincomponent. Checkand replace asnecessary. NO -end. 6. Isoil escaping fromfillercap? YES -bleed system SeeRepair, Power Steering System-Bleed. NO -go to 8. 7. Isoil still escaping fromfillercap? YES -go back to1. NO -end. 8. Isoil leaking fromPAS pump? YES -go to 10. NO -continue. 9. Isoil leaking fromPAS box? YES -go to 10. NO -end. 10. Clean unit,addtracer dyetosystem. Retest 11. Isoil still leaking? YES -establish leakpoint. Repair orreplace unit as necessary. NO -end.
STEERING9 FAULT DIAGNOSIS POWER STEERING SYSTEM-EXCESSIVE NOISE 1. Isfluid level correct? YES -go to 3. NO -Refill ordrain tocorrect level.Bleed system, checkforleaks See Repair, Power Steering System-Bleed . 2. Isproblem resolved? YES -end NO -continue. 3. Ispressure hosefrompump tobox touching body inahard foulcondition? YES -route hoseaway frombody. NO -go to 5. 4. Does noise remain? YES -continue. NO -end. 5. Isnoise awhistle orhiss onfull lock? YES -noise isnot afault unless excessive. Compare withother vehicles NO -go to 8. 6. Isnoise excessive? YES -continue. NO -end. 7. Change steering boxand/or pump. 8. Isnoise asqueal onfull lock? YES -checkdrive belttension andremove beltif necessary See ELECTRICAL, Repair, Auxiliary driveBelt . NO -go to 10. 9. Does squeal remain? YES -drive beltcontaminated, changebelt. NO -end. 10. Isnoise acontinuous moan? YES -bleed PASsystem SeeRepair, Power Steering System-Bleed . NO -go to 13. 11. Does moan remain? YES -do figure 8manoeuvres. NO -end. 12. Does moan remain? YES -continue NO -end. 13. Isnoise anintermittent grunt? YES - See Power Steering System-Grunt. NO -continue. 14. Isita clunking noise? YES -check drivebelttension andrenew beltif necessary See ELECTRICAL, Repair, Auxiliary driveBelt . NO -contact localtechnical office. 15. Does noise remain? YES -Suspect suspension ordrive train. NO -end. POWER STEERING SYSTEM-GRUNT Steering boxgrunts intermittently whenturning from locktolock: 1. Isfluid level correct? YES -go to 3. NO -refill ordrain tocorrect level.Bleed system, check forleaks See Repair, PowerSteering System -Bleed . 2. Does gruntremain? YES -continue NO -end. 3. Iscorrect lowpressure hoseANR3152, steering box toreservoir fitted? YES -go to 5. NO -Fit correct hose. 4. Does gruntremain? YES -continue NO -end. 5. Purge boxbydoing figure 8manoeuvres e.g.on car park, followed by10 minutes normalroad use. 6. Does gruntremain? YES -Contact localtechnical office NO -end.
57STEERING 10 FAULT DIAGNOSIS VISUAL ANDSAFETY CHECKS WARNING: Beforetakingvehicle outon the public highway forroad test,itis important thatthefollowing basicvisual checks arecarried outtoensure thatthevehicle complies withlegal requirements. Tyres andwheel rims 1. Check andadjust tyrepressures See WHEELS AND TYRES, Repair, TyrePressures . Note thatthisinformation referstostandard tyres fitted asoriginal equipment. 2. Check condition oftyres. Inspect forsigns of uneven wear,damage andfeathering. Check tread depth. 3. Ensure thatthetyre make, typeandgeneral condition arecommon acrosseachaxle. 4. Check wheelrimsforsigns ofdamage and excessive runout. 5. Carry outroad test See Road TestProcedure . ROAD TESTPROCEDURE General steering/handling problemscanusually be classified intoone ofthe categories listedandARE GENERALLY RELATEDTOTHE AGE, CONDITION AND USEOFTHE VEHICLE. WARNING: Ensurethatallroad tests are conducted bysuitably qualified driversin a safe andlegal manner, andwhere local traffic conditions allow. 1. Carry outvisual andsafety checks SeeVisual and Safety Checks . Confirm generalnatureofcomplaint withcustomer, simulating wherepossible theconditions underwhich the problem occurs.Carryoutfollowing roadtest procedure toestablish theproblem. 2. Steering loadassessment -drive at16 km/h (10 mph). Put90°turn input intosteering wheel, check selfcentering. Theselfcentering should be equal oneach lockbutnotnecessarily return to exactly straight aheadwithout assistance from the driver. 3. Steering assessment -drive at64 km/h (40mph) on astaight FLATroad(nocamber), checkfor steering veer.Thevehicle shouldfollowa straight pathwithNOtendency tofollow a curved path.Ifvehicle veerstowards thekerb, vehicle maybecamber sensitive. Asmall amount ofveer indirection ofcamber is acceptable. 4. Directional stabilityassessment -drive at112 km/h (70mph) ormaximum legalspeed ona straight flatroad. Carry outanormal lane change. Vehicleshouldquickly settleintoanew straight path. 5. Braking assessment (mediumeffort)-drive at96 km/h (60mph) onastraight flatroad. Apply steady medium brakingeffort,noting any tendency toveer. Carry outbrake testthree times, ifa veer isconsistently notedcarryouta braking efficiency testonarolling road. 6. Braking assessment (fulleffort) -drive at96 km/h (60mph) onastraight flatroad. Apply full braking effort,noting anytendency toveer. Carry out brake testthree times, ifa veer is consistently notedcarryoutabraking efficiency test onarolling road. If the symptom described bythe customer isstiff steering orsteering niggle,carryoutstiff steering procedure See StiffSteering Checklist. If not, proceed withbasic checks andadjustments See Visual Check andBasic Adjustments.
STEERING11 FAULT DIAGNOSIS STIFF STEERING CHECKLIST NOTE:Having completed visualchecks and steering assessment andconfirmed that vehicle steering loadisincorrect carry out thefollowing procedure inorder shown. Steering wheeltorque toturn loads 1. Raise vehicle soboth front wheels free. 2. With engine off,centralise steeringwheel,and remove steering wheeldecal. Usingtorque wrench oncolumn nut,check torque required to turn thesteering wheeloneturn ineach direction. 3. Record readings obtainedineach direction. Reading shouldbe 4.40Nm(3.5 lbf/ft). NOTE: Iffigures areinexcess ofthat specified carryoutsteering boxtiebar reset below. Iffigures areasspecified See Visual Check andBasic Adjustments . Steering boxtiebar reset 1. Loosen thetiebar fixings onecomplete turn. 2. Drive vehicle carefully ashort distance (within the dealership) applyingfulllock inboth directions inorder tosettle steering components. Drive vehicle overspeed bumps andinclude harsh braking ifpossible. WARNING: Donot drive onpublic highway. 3. Near endofoperation 2.ensure vehicle isdriven in astraight lineonlevel ground andhalted. 4. Tighten panhard rodmounting armnutto 110 Nm (81lbf/ft). 5.Tighten the2fixings, tiebar tosteering box,to 81Nm (60lbf/ft). 6.Recheck steeringwheeltorque toturn. Iftorque reading isstill greater thanspecified, carryout steering shaftuniversal jointlubrication. Lower steering shaftuniversal jointlubrication 1. Check lowersteering shaftiscorrectly phased SeeRepair, LowerSteering Shaftand Universal Joints . 2. Lubricate universaljointswithananti-seizure type penetrating spray.Workthejoints toensure full penetration ofthe spray bydriving vehicle and steering fromlocktolock. 3. Ifsteering stiffness stillpersists carryoutswivel pin preload setting. Swivel pinpreload setting 1. The swivel pinpreload settingmustbechecked and set See FRONT AXLEANDFINAL DRIVE, Overhaul, FrontStubAxle, Constant Velocity Joint andSwivel PinHousing . Note thatapull load of1.16 -1.46 kgisrequired after theaxle shaft andswivel housing sealhave been removed. Steering boxadjustment 1. Check steering boxadjustment See Adjustment, PowerSteering Box . Steering dampercheck 1. Check condition ofsteering damper See Steering Damper .
57STEERING 12 FAULT DIAGNOSIS VISUAL CHECKANDBASIC ADJUSTMENTS NOTE:Itis important thatthefollowing instructions arecarried outinthe sequence shownandtheresults recorded. 1. Road springs -check thatroad springs are correctly seatedandaretocorrect specification for vehicle. Forspring specification See GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA, Information, RoadSpring Data . 2. Ride height -measure trimheight fromwheel centre towheelarch eyebrow.Recordresultson data sheet. 3. Check/top uppower steering fluid SeeRepair, Power Steering FluidReservoir . 4. Check tension andcondition ofdrive belt See ELECTRICAL, Repair,Auxiliary drivebelt . 5. Track rod/drag link-check condition oftrack rod, drag linkand balljoints See Repair, DragLink and Drag LinkEnds . If either component isdamaged, checkoperation of steering damperandsteering boxfor smoothness. Replacealldamaged orworn components thatimpair theoperation ofthe steering system. 6. Suspension bushes-examine allsteering and suspension bushesforsigns ofwear and deterioration. Alsocheck allfixings fortorque relaxation. Tightentocorrect torquevalue See FRONT SUSPENSION, Specifications, torque, Torque Values . 7. Oil leaks -check frontandrear axle hubs for leak andrepair asnecessary. 8. Brake system -check brakesystem forleaks, pipe condition, padwear/contamination, disc wear/condition. 9. Hub endfloat -check movement inthe hubs by rocking thewheels. 10. Check frontwheel alignment. Vehiclesdisplaying a tendency toveer more thanconsidered allowable, itis permissible toset the front track to parallel. 11. Having completed allthe above checks and adjustments, roadtestvehicle See Road Test Procedure . Attempt toreproduce thesymptoms established earlier. Ifsymptoms stillexist refertorelevant Diagnostic Chart. STEERING LINKAGEINSPECT NOTE:Wheninspecting steeringlinkages and balljoints forwear thefollowing items must bechecked. Steering balljoints 1. Check balljoint rubber bootsforsecurity, signs of cracking ordeterioration. 2. Check balljoint assemblies forseizure i.e.no movement onball joint andassociated assemblies. 3. Check forexcessive wear.Thiswillbeevident as extreme movement ontrack rodand steering linkages. Renewpartsasnecessary See Repair, TrackRodandLinkage ,SeeRepair, Drag LinkandDrag LinkEnds . Steering linkages 1. Check alllinkages forwear, deterioration and damage. Renewpartsasnecessary See Repair, TrackRodandLinkage ,SeeRepair, Drag LinkandDrag LinkEnds .