1991 1999 ford explorer chilton User Manual
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Table of Contents CRUISE CONTROL ......................................................................................................................................685 Vacuum Controlled Systems...............................................................................................................685 Electronic Systems...............................................................................................................................685 ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEMS...................................................................................................................687 Radio Receiver/Tape Player................................................................................................................687 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................687 Speakers ...............................................................................................................................................689 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................689 WINDSHIELD WIPERS...............................................................................................................................693 Wiper Arm And Blade .........................................................................................................................693 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................693 Windshield Wiper Motor.....................................................................................................................695 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................695 Windshield Washer Motor...................................................................................................................701 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................701 INSTRUMENTS AND SWITCHES .............................................................................................................705 Instrument Cluster................................................................................................................................705 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................705 Fuel, Oil Pressure, Voltage and Coolant Temperature Gauges...........................................................709 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................709 Rear Wiper Switch ...............................................................................................................................711 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................711 Headlight Switch..................................................................................................................................711 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................712 Back-up Light Switch .........................................................................................................................713 Manual Transmissions ...................................................................................................................713 LIGHTING ......................................................................................................................................................717 Headlights ............................................................................................................................................717 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................717 AIMING THE HEADLIGHTS .....................................................................................................721 Signal and Marker Lights.....................................................................................................................723 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................723 Fog/Driving Lights..............................................................................................................................734 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................734 TRAILER WIRING.......................................................................................................................................739 CIRCUIT PROTECTION .............................................................................................................................741 Fuses ....................................................................................................................................................741 REPLACEMENT ..........................................................................................................................748 Fusible Links........................................................................................................................................750 Circuit Breakers ...................................................................................................................................750 REPLACEMENT ..........................................................................................................................750 Turn Signal and Hazard Flasher Locations ..........................................................................................751 WIRING DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................................................................753 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK x
Table of Contents MANUAL TRANSMISSION .........................................................................................................................755 Understanding the Manual Transmission ............................................................................................755 Identification ........................................................................................................................................755 Adjustments .........................................................................................................................................755 SHIFTER & LINKAGE ADJUSTMENTS ..................................................................................756 Shift Handle .........................................................................................................................................756 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................756 Neutral Sensing Switch........................................................................................................................757 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................758 Extension Housing Seal.......................................................................................................................759 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................759 Transmission ........................................................................................................................................760 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................760 CLUTCH .........................................................................................................................................................763 Understanding the Clutch ....................................................................................................................763 Clutch Interlock Switch.......................................................................................................................764 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................764 Master Cylinder and Reservoir ............................................................................................................764 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................765 Slave Cylinder ......................................................................................................................................766 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................766 BLEEDING THE SYSTEM .........................................................................................................768 Driven Disc and Pressure Plate............................................................................................................768 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................768 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION .................................................................................................................775 Understanding the Automatic Transmission ........................................................................................775 Identification ........................................................................................................................................775 Neutral Start Switch/Back-up Switch.................................................................................................775 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................775 ADJUSTMENT .............................................................................................................................779 Vacuum Diaphragm .............................................................................................................................779 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................779 Extension Housing Seal.......................................................................................................................780 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................780 Transmission Assembly.......................................................................................................................782 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................782 ADJUSTMENTS ...........................................................................................................................788 KICKDOWN CABLE...................................................................................................................791 TRANSFER CASE.........................................................................................................................................793 Identification ........................................................................................................................................793 Rear Output Shaft Seal.........................................................................................................................794 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................794 Front Output Shaft Seal.......................................................................................................................795 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................795 Transfer Case Assembly ......................................................................................................................797 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................797 ADJUSTMENTS ...........................................................................................................................799HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xi
Table of Contents DRIVELINE ....................................................................................................................................................801 General Description .............................................................................................................................801 Single Cardan Type Front Driveshaft ..................................................................................................801 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................801 DUST SLINGER/BOOT REPLACEMENT.................................................................................803 Double Cardan Type Front and Rear Driveshaft .................................................................................803 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................803 DISASSEMBLY & ASSEMBLY .................................................................................................804 Single Cardan Type Rear Driveshaft ...................................................................................................806 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................806 DISASSEMBLY & ASSEMBLY .................................................................................................809 Constant Velocity (CV) Type Rear Driveshaft ....................................................................................810 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................811 DISASSEMBLY & ASSEMBLY .................................................................................................811 Center Bearing .....................................................................................................................................814 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................814 FRONT DRIVE AXLE...................................................................................................................................817 General Information .............................................................................................................................817 Manual Locking Hubs..........................................................................................................................817 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................817 Automatic Locking Hubs.....................................................................................................................819 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................819 Vacuum Disconnect Axle Lock...........................................................................................................821 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................821 Spindles and Spindle Bearings ............................................................................................................823 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................823 Axle Shafts and Seals ...........................................................................................................................824 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................824 Axle Housing .......................................................................................................................................830 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................830 REAR AXLE ...................................................................................................................................................837 Determining Axle Ratio .......................................................................................................................837 Axle Shaft, Bearing and Seal ...............................................................................................................837 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................837 Pinion Oil Seal .....................................................................................................................................843 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................843 Axle Housing .......................................................................................................................................846 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................846 WHEELS .........................................................................................................................................................849 Front Wheels ........................................................................................................................................849 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................849 INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................850 Front Wheel Lug Studs ........................................................................................................................850 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................850 INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................852 Rear Wheel Lug Studs .........................................................................................................................852 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................852 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xii
Table of Contents 2-WHEEL DRIVE FRONT SUSPENSION ................................................................................................855 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................855 Coil Springs .........................................................................................................................................856 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................856 Torsion Bars.........................................................................................................................................858 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................858 RIDE HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT ...................................................................................................860 Shock Absorbers ..................................................................................................................................861 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................861 TESTING ......................................................................................................................................864 Ball Joints ............................................................................................................................................865 INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................865 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................866 Knuckle and Spindle ............................................................................................................................868 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................868 Radius Arm..........................................................................................................................................871 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................871 Stabilizer Bar.......................................................................................................................................873 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................873 I-Beam Axle........................................................................................................................................876 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................876 Upper Control Arm..............................................................................................................................877 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................877 Lower Control Arm..............................................................................................................................879 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................879 Front Wheel Bearings ..........................................................................................................................881 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................881 ADJUSTMENT .............................................................................................................................886 Wheel Alignment .................................................................................................................................887 CASTER ........................................................................................................................................887 CAMBER ......................................................................................................................................888 TOE ...............................................................................................................................................888 4-WHEEL DRIVE FRONT SUSPENSION ................................................................................................891 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................891 Coil Springs .........................................................................................................................................893 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................893 Torsion Bars.........................................................................................................................................894 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................894 RIDE HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT ...................................................................................................896 Shock Absorbers ..................................................................................................................................897 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................897 TESTING ......................................................................................................................................903 Ball Joints ............................................................................................................................................903 INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................903 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................904 Steering Knuckle ..................................................................................................................................905 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................905 Radius Arm..........................................................................................................................................907 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................907 Stabilizer Bar.......................................................................................................................................908 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................908 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xiii
Table of Contents 4-WHEEL DRIVE FRONT SUSPENSION I-Beam Axle........................................................................................................................................910 Upper Control Arm..............................................................................................................................910 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................910 Lower Control Arm..............................................................................................................................912 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................912 Front Wheel Bearings ..........................................................................................................................914 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................914 ADJUSTMENT .............................................................................................................................925 Wheel Alignment .................................................................................................................................927 REAR SUSPENSION .....................................................................................................................................929 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................929 Leaf Springs .........................................................................................................................................930 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................930 Shock Absorbers ..................................................................................................................................932 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................932 TESTING ......................................................................................................................................936 Stabilizer Bar.......................................................................................................................................937 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................937 STEERING ......................................................................................................................................................939 Steering Wheel.....................................................................................................................................939 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................939 Combination Switch............................................................................................................................945 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................945 Ignition Switch.....................................................................................................................................946 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................946 Ignition Lock Cylinder Assembly ........................................................................................................947 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................947 Steering Column ..................................................................................................................................948 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................948 Steering Linkage ..................................................................................................................................950 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................951 Manual Steering Gear..........................................................................................................................956 ADJUSTMENTS ...........................................................................................................................957 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................958 Power Steering Gear............................................................................................................................959 ADJUSTMENTS ...........................................................................................................................959 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................959 Power Rack and Pinion Steering Gear.................................................................................................961 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................961 Power SteeringPump ............................................................................................................................963 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................963 BLEEDING ...................................................................................................................................966 QUICK-CONNECT PRESSURE LINE......................................................................................966 SPECIFICATION CHARTS.........................................................................................................................969 BRAKE OPERATING SYSTEM..................................................................................................................971 Basic Operating Principles...................................................................................................................971 DISC BRAKES .............................................................................................................................972 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xiv
Table of Contents BRAKE OPERATING SYSTEM DRUM BRAKES ..........................................................................................................................973 Brake Light Switch ..............................................................................................................................973 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................973 Master Cylinder ...................................................................................................................................974 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................974 Power Booster ......................................................................................................................................978 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................978 Brake Hoses and Lines .........................................................................................................................983 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................983 Bleeding The Brakes ............................................................................................................................985 FRONT DISC BRAKES .................................................................................................................................989 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................989 Brake Pads...........................................................................................................................................990 INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................990 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION .................................................................................................990 Calipers ..............................................................................................................................................1005 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1006 OVERHAUL ...............................................................................................................................1008 Brake Rotor (Disc) .............................................................................................................................1012 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1012 INSPECTION ..............................................................................................................................1012 REAR DRUM BRAKES ..............................................................................................................................1015 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1015 Brake Drums ......................................................................................................................................1017 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1017 INSPECTION ..............................................................................................................................1018 Brake Shoes .......................................................................................................................................1019 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1019 ADJUSTMENTS .........................................................................................................................1029 Wheel Cylinders .................................................................................................................................1032 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1032 OVERHAUL ...............................................................................................................................1033 REAR DISC BRAKES .................................................................................................................................1039 General Information ...........................................................................................................................1039 Brake Pads.........................................................................................................................................1039 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1039 INSPECTION ..............................................................................................................................1041 Brake Caliper .....................................................................................................................................1041 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1041 OVERHAUL ...............................................................................................................................1042 Brake Disc..........................................................................................................................................1042 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1042 INSPECTION ..............................................................................................................................1042 REAR ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (RABS).....................................................................................1043 Component Location..........................................................................................................................1043 System Self-Test ...............................................................................................................................1044 Computer (RABS) Module................................................................................................................1045HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xv
Table of Contents REAR ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (RABS) REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1045 RABS Valve ......................................................................................................................................1045 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1045 RABS Sensor .....................................................................................................................................1045 TESTING ....................................................................................................................................1046 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1046 Exciter Ring.......................................................................................................................................1047 PARKING BRAKE......................................................................................................................................1049 Cable ..................................................................................................................................................1049 ADJUSTMENT ...........................................................................................................................1049 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1053 Brake Shoes .......................................................................................................................................1059 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1059 ADJUSTMENT ...........................................................................................................................1060 4-WHEEL ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (4WABS)..........................................................................1063 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1063 System Self-Test ...............................................................................................................................1063 Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU) ..........................................................................................................1064 PUMP TESTING ........................................................................................................................1064 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1065 Electronic Control Unit......................................................................................................................1065 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1065 Front Wheel Speed Sensor .................................................................................................................1066 TESTING ....................................................................................................................................1066 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1066 Rear Speed Sensor .............................................................................................................................1066 TESTING ....................................................................................................................................1066 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1066 Front Speed Sensor Ring...................................................................................................................1067 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1068 Rear Speed Sensor Ring.....................................................................................................................1068 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1068 SPECIFICATION CHARTS.......................................................................................................................1069 EXTERIOR ...................................................................................................................................................1071 Doors ..................................................................................................................................................1071 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1071 ADJUSTMENT ...........................................................................................................................1074 Hood ...................................................................................................................................................1075 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1075 ALIGNMENT .............................................................................................................................1077 Liftgate ...............................................................................................................................................1077 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1077 ALIGNMENT .............................................................................................................................1081 Tailgate ..............................................................................................................................................1083 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1083 Front and Rear Bumpers ....................................................................................................................1085 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1085 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xvi
Table of Contents EXTERIOR Grille..................................................................................................................................................1088 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1089 Outside Mirrors ..................................................................................................................................1090 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1090 Antenna ..............................................................................................................................................1092 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1092 Fenders ...............................................................................................................................................1094 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1094 Pickup Truck Bed..............................................................................................................................1096 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1096 Chassis and Cab Mount Bushings .....................................................................................................1097 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1097 Spare Tire Carrier ..............................................................................................................................1101 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1101 INTERIOR ....................................................................................................................................................1103 Door Panels ........................................................................................................................................1103 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1103 Interior Trim Panels ...........................................................................................................................1109 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1109 Instrument Panel................................................................................................................................1114 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1114 Center Console ...................................................................................................................................1117 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1117 Headliner ............................................................................................................................................1119 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1119 Door Locks .........................................................................................................................................1121 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1121 Door Glass and Regulator ..................................................................................................................1123 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1124 Electric Window Motor.....................................................................................................................1128 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1128 Windshield and Fixed Glass..............................................................................................................1129 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1129 WINDSHIELD CHIP REPAIR ...................................................................................................1130 Inside Rear View Mirror ....................................................................................................................1131 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1131 Seats ...................................................................................................................................................1131 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1132 Seat Belt Systems ...............................................................................................................................1135 REMOVAL & INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................1135 SPECIFICATION CHARTS.......................................................................................................................1141HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xvii
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Introduction This Chiltons Total Car Care manual is intended to help you learn more about the inner workings of your Ranger, Explorer or Mountaineer while saving you money on its upkeep and operation. The beginning of the book will likely be referred to the most, since that is where you will find information for maintenance and tune-up. The other sections deal with the more complex systems of your vehicle. Systems (from engine through brakes) are covered to the extent that the average do-it-yourselfer can attempt. This book will not explain such things as rebuilding a differential because the expertise required and the special tools necessary make this uneconomical. It will, however, give you detailed instructions to help you change your own brake pads and shoes, replace spark plugs, and perform many more jobs that can save you money and help avoid expensive problems. A secondary purpose of this book is a reference for owners who want to understand their vehicle and/or their mechanics better. Where to Begin Before removing any bolts, read through the entire procedure. This will give you the overall view of what tools and supplies will be required. So read ahead and plan ahead. Each operation should be approached logically and all procedures thoroughly understood before attempting any work. If repair of a component is not considered practical, we tell you how to remove the part and then how to install the new or rebuilt replacement. In this way, you at least save labor costs. Avoiding Trouble Many procedures in this book require you to label and disconnect ... a group of lines, hoses or wires. Dont be think you can remember where everything goes-you wont. If you hook up vacuum or fuel lines incorrectly, the vehicle may run poorly, if at all. If you hook up electrical wiring incorrectly, you may instantly learn a very expensive lesson. You dont need to know the proper name for each hose or line. A piece of masking tape on the hose and a piece on its fitting will allow you to assign your own label. As long as you remember your own code, the lines can be reconnected by matching your tags. Remember that tape will dissolve in gasoline or solvents; if a part is to be washed or cleaned, use another method of identification. A permanent felt-tipped marker or a metal scribe can be very handy for marking metal parts. Remove any tape or paper labels after assembly. Maintenance or Repair? Maintenance includes routine inspections, adjustments, and replacement of parts which show signs of normal wear. Maintenance compensates for wear or deterioration. Repair implies that something has broken or is not working. A need for a repair is often caused by lack of maintenance. for example: draining and refilling automatic transmission fluid is maintenance recommended at specific intervals. Failure to do this can shorten the life of the transmission/transaxle, requiring very expensive repairs. While no maintenance program can prevent items from eventually breaking or wearing out, a general rule is true: MAINTENANCE IS HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 1
CHEAPER THAN REPAIR. Two basic mechanics rules should be mentioned here. First, whenever the left side of the vehicle or engine is referred to, it means the drivers side. Conversely, the right side of the vehicle means the passengers side. Second, screws and bolts are removed by turning counterclockwise, and tightened by turning clockwise unless specifically noted. Safety is always the most important rule. Constantly be aware of the dangers involved in working on an automobile and take the proper precautions. Please refer to the information in this section regarding SERVICING YOUR VEHICLE SAFELY and the SAFETY NOTICE on the acknowledgment page. Avoiding the Most Common Mistakes Pay attention to the instructions provided. There are 3 common mistakes in mechanical work: Incorrect order of assembly, disassembly or adjustment. When taking something apart or putting it together, performing steps in the wrong order usually just costs you extra time; however, it CAN break something. Read the entire procedure before beginning. Perform everything in the order in which the instructions say you should, even if you cant see a reason for it. When youre taking apart something that is very intricate, you might want to draw a picture of how it looks when assembled in order to make sure you get everything back in its proper position. When making adjustments, perform them in the proper order. One adjustment possibly will affect another. 1. Overtorquing (or undertorquing). While it is more common for overtorquing to cause damage, undertorquing may allow a fastener to vibrate loose causing serious damage. Especially when dealing with aluminum parts, pay attention to torque specifications and utilize a torque wrench in assembly. If a torque figure is not available, remember that if you are using the right tool to perform the job, you will probably not have to strain yourself to get a fastener tight enough. The pitch of most threads is so slight that the tension you put on the wrench will be multiplied many times in actual force on what you are tightening. 2. There are many commercial products available for ensuring that fasteners wont come loose, even if they are not torqued just right (a very common brand is Loctite(). If youre worried about getting something together tight enough to hold, but loose enough to avoid mechanical damage during assembly, one of these products might offer substantial insurance. Before choosing a threadlocking compound, read the label on the package and make sure the product is compatible with the materials, fluids, etc. involved. Crossthreading. This occurs when a part such as a bolt is screwed into a nut or casting at the wrong angle and forced. Crossthreading is more likely to occur if access is difficult. It helps to clean and lubricate fasteners, then to start threading the bolt, spark plug, etc. with your fingers. If you encounter resistance, unscrew the part and start over again at a different angle until it can be inserted and turned several times without much effort. Keep in mind that many parts have tapered threads, so that gentle turning will automatically bring the part youre threading to the proper angle. Dont put a wrench on the part until its been tightened a couple of turns by hand. If you suddenly encounter resistance, and the part has not seated fully, dont force it. Pull it back out to make sure its clean and threading properly. 3. Be sure to take your time and be patient, and always plan ahead. Allow yourself ample time to perform repairs and maintenance. Chilton® Automotive Information Systems. © 2004 Thomson Delmar Learning. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 2 Maintenance or Repair?