Steinberg Cubase 5 Operation Manual
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121 The mixer If Stereo Dual Panner is selected, there will be two pan controls with the upper controlling pan for the left channel, and the lower controlling pan for the right channel. This allows you set pan independently for the left and right channels. Note that it is possible to reverse the left and right channels, i.e. the left channel can be panned to the right and vice versa. You can also “sum” two channels by setting them to the same pan position (i.e. mono) – note that this will increase the volume of the signal. If Stereo Combined Panner is selected, the left and right pan positions are shown as two lines with a blue/gray area between them. If you reverse the left and right channels, the area between the pan controls will be red instead of blue/gray. In this mode, the left and right pan controls are linked, and can be moved left and right like a single pan control (keep- ing their relative distance). Stereo Combined mode also allows you set pan inde- pendently for the left and right channels. This is done by holding down [Alt]/[Option] and dragging the correspond- ing pan control. When moving combined pan controls so that the left or right pan control reaches its maximum pan value, it natu- rally cannot go any further. If you continue to move further in the same direction, only the other pan control will move, thus altering the set relative pan range until both channels are panned fully to one side. If you move the pan controls in the opposite direction without releasing the mouse, the previously set pan range will be restored. ÖThe pan settings made with the Dual Panner are re- flected in the Combined Panner and vice versa. ÖYou can specify the default pan mode for inserted au- dio tracks in the Preferences (VST page). About the “Stereo Pan Law” setting (audio channels only) In the Project Setup dialog there is a pop-up menu named “Stereo Pan Law”, on which you can select one of several pan modes. This is related to the fact that without power compensation, the power of the sum of the left and right side will be higher (louder) if a channel is panned center than if it is panned left or right. To remedy this, the Stereo Pan Law setting allows you to attenuate signals panned center, by -6, -4.5 or -3 dB (de- fault). Selecting the 0 dB option effectively turns off con- stant-power panning. Experiment with the modes to see which fits best in a given situation. You can also select “Equal Power” on this pop-up menu, which means that the power of the signal will remain the same regardless of the pan setting. Audio-specific procedures This section describes the options and basic procedures regarding audio channels in the mixer. Options for the extended audio channel strip When using the extended channel strip view options, the upper panel can be set to show different views for each audio channel strip. You can select what to display in the extended panel individually for each channel or globally for all channels (see “Selecting what to display in the exten- ded channel strips” on page 113). The following views are possible: The 8 insert effect slots. The inserts can also be found in the Inspector and the Channel Settings window, see “Using Channel Settings” on page 122. The 8 sends, with pop-ups and send level value sliders. The sends can also be found in the Inspector and the Channel Settings window, see “Using Channel Settings” on page 122. You also have the option of displaying four sends at a time (the Sends 1–4 and 5–8 menu items). These modes offer the additional benefit of displaying send levels as dB values. ÖThere are no sends for Input/Output channels.
122 The mixer The EQ section, either with value sliders (“EQs”) or as numerical settings with a curve display (“EQs curve”). These two views have exactly the same controls but different graphic lay- outs. The EQ section is also available in the Channel Settings window. For EQ parameter descriptions, see “Making EQ settings” on page 123. The SurroundPanner section (where applicable). If the channel is routed to a surround bus you can view a compact ver- sion of the SurroundPanner in the extended panel – double-click to open the full SurroundPanner panel. The “Meter” option shows large level meters in the ex- tended panel. These operate exactly like the regular meters. Cubase only: The User Panel option displays Device panels for the audio track, including panels for inserted VST effects, see “Audio tracks” on page 30. You can ac- cess User panels by clicking on the tab at the top of the User Panel display in the extended mixer. For information on Device Panels, see the separate PDF document “MIDI Devices”. Selecting the “Empty” option will display a blank panel in the extended strip. You can also select the “Overview” option – this shows a graphic overview of which insert effect slots, EQ mod- ules and effects sends are activated for the channel. You can click the indicators to turn the corresponding slot/EQ module/ send on or off. ÖIf you have selected a parameter for the extended channel strip and then switch to “narrow” mode, only the channel overview and the Meter can be shown in the ex- tended channel strip. When you switch back to “wide” mode, the parameter settings are displayed again. Using Channel Settings For each audio channel strip in the mixer and in the Inspec- tor and Track list for each audio track, there is an Edit but- ton (“e”). Clicking this opens the VST Audio Channel Settings win- dow. By default, this window contains: A section with eight insert effect slots (see “Audio effects” on page 150). Four EQ modules and an associated EQ curve display (see “Making EQ settings” on page 123). A section with eight sends (see “Audio effects” on page 150). A duplicate of the mixer channel strip (without the extended panel but with the input and output settings panel). You can customize the Channel Settings window, by showing/hiding the different panels and/or by changing their order: To specify which panels should be shown/hidden, right-click in the Channel settings window, and activate/deactivate the respective options on the Customize View submenu on the context menu. To change the order of the panels, select “Setup…” on the Customize View pop-up menu and use the “Move up” and “Move Down” buttons. For further information, see the chapter “Customizing” on page 468. Every channel has its own channel settings window (al- though you can view each in the same window if you like – see below). The Channel Settings window is used for the following operations: Apply equalization, see “Making EQ settings” on page 123. Apply send effects, see “Audio effects” on page 150. Apply insert effects, see “Audio effects” on page 150. Copy channel settings and apply them to another channel, see “Copying settings between audio channels” on page 125. !All channel settings are applied to both sides of a stereo channel. Click the Edit button to open the Channel Settings window.
123 The mixer Changing channels in the Channel Settings window You can view any channel’s settings from a single window. If the option “Sync Project and Mixer Selection” is acti- vated in the Preferences (Editing–Project & Mixer page), this can be done “automatically”: Open the Channel Settings window for a track and po- sition it so that you can see both the Project window and the Channel Settings window. Selecting a track in the Project window automatically se- lects the corresponding channel in the mixer (and vice versa). If a Channel Settings window is open, this will im- mediately switch to show the settings for the selected channel. This allows you to have a single Channel Settings window open in a convenient position on the screen, and use it for all your EQ and channel effect settings. You can also select a channel manually (thereby changing what is shown in the open Channel Settings window). Proceed as follows: 1.Open the Channel Settings window for any channel. 2.Open the Choose Edit Channel pop-up menu by clicking the arrow button to the left of the channel number at the top of the Fader view. 3.Select a channel from the pop-up to show the settings for that channel in the open Channel Settings window. Alternatively, you can select a channel in the mixer by clicking its channel strip (make sure not to click on a con- trol as this will change the respective parameter setting in- stead). This selects the channel, and the Channel Settings window is updated. To open several Channel Settings windows at the same time, press [Alt]/[Option] and click the Edit buttons for the respective channels. Making EQ settings Each audio channel in Cubase has a built-in parametric equalizer with up to four bands. There are several ways to view and adjust the EQs: By selecting one of the EQ display modes (“EQs” or “EQs Curve”) for the extended channel strip in the mixer. These modes contain the same settings but present them in different ways: By selecting the “Equalizers” or “Equalizer Curve” tab in the Inspector. The “Equalizers” section is similar to the “EQs” mode in the extended mixer or the “Equalizers” section in the Channel Settings window, while the “Equalizer Curve” section shows a display in which you can “draw” an EQ curve. Setting EQ in the Inspector is only possible for track-based audio channels. ÖNote that by default, only the Equalizers tab is shown. To display the Equalizer Curve tab, right-click on an In- spector tab (not in the empty area below the Inspector) and activate the “Equalizer Curve” option. By using the Channel Settings window. This offers both parameter sliders and a clickable curve display (the Equalizer + Curve pane) and also lets you store and recall EQ presets. Below we describe how to set up EQ in the Channel Set- tings window, but the parameters are the same in the mixer and Inspector (apart from the presets and reset function, which are not available in the mixer). In “EQs” mode, the top value slider controls the gain, the middle controls frequency and the lower sets the filter type and the Q parameter for each EQ band. In “EQs Curve” mode, EQ settings are shown as a curve. Parameters are set by clicking on the value and adjusting with the fader that appears.
124 The mixer The Equalizers + Curve pane in the Channel Settings win- dow consists of four EQ modules with parameter sliders, an EQ curve display and some additional functions at the top. Using the parameter controls 1.Activate an EQ module by clicking its on/off button. Although the modules have different default frequency values and differ- ent Q names, they all have the same frequency range (20Hz to 20kHz). The only difference between the modules is that you can specify different filter types for each individual module (see below). 2.Set the amount of cut or boost with the gain control – the upper slider. The range is ± 24 dB. 3.Set the desired frequency with the frequency slider. This is the center frequency of the frequency range (20Hz to 20kHz) to be cut or boosted. 4.Click on the lower slider (to the left) to open the filter type pop-up menu and select the desired filter type. The “eq1” and “eq4” bands can act as parametric, shelving or high/low- pass filters, while “eq2” and “eq3” will always be parametric filters. 5.Set the Q value with the lower slider (to the right). This determines the width of the affected frequency range. Higher values give narrower frequency ranges. 6.If needed, you can activate and make settings for up to four modules. Note that you can edit the values numerically as well, by clicking in a value field and entering the desired gain, fre- quency or Q value. Using the curve display When you activate EQ modules and make settings, you will see that your settings are automatically reflected in the curve display above. You can also make settings directly in the curve (or combine the two methods any way you like): 1.To activate an EQ module, click in the curve display. This adds a curve point and one of the modules below are activated. 2.Make EQ settings by dragging the curve point in the display. This allows you to adjust gain (drag up or down) and frequency (drag left or right). 3.To set the Q parameter, press [Shift] and drag the curve point up or down. You will see the EQ curve become wider or narrower as you drag. You can also restrict the editing by pressing [Ctrl]/ [Command] (sets gain only) or [Alt]/[Option] (sets fre- quency only) while you drag the curve point. 4.To activate another EQ module, click somewhere else in the display and proceed as above. 5.To turn off an EQ module, double-click its curve point or drag it outside the display. 6.To mirror (“inverse”) the eq curve on the x axis, click the button to the right of the curve display. The Inverse Equalizers button EQ bypass Whenever one or several EQ modules are activated for a channel, the EQ button will light up in green in the mixer channel strip, Inspector (Equalizer and Channel sections), Track list and Channel Settings window (top right corner of the EQ section). You can also bypass all EQ modules. This is useful, as it allows you to compare the sound with and without EQ. Proceed as follows: In the mixer, the Track list and in the Channel section in the Inspector, click the EQs state button so that it turns yellow. To deactivate EQ Bypass, click the button again, so that it turns green again.
125 The mixer In the Inspector (Equalizers tab) and in the Channel Settings window, click the Bypass button (next to the EQ button) so that it turns yellow. Click again to deactivate EQ Bypass mode. EQ bypass in the mixer, the Channel Settings window and the Inspector EQ reset On the Presets pop-up menu in the Channel Settings win- dow and in the Inspector, you will find the Reset command. Select this to turn off all EQ modules and reset all EQ pa- rameters to their default values. Using EQ presets Some useful basic presets are included with the program. You can use them as they are, or as a starting point for fur- ther “tweaking”. To call up a preset, pull down the presets pop-up menu in the Channel Settings window or in the Inspector and select one of the available presets. To store the current EQ settings as a preset, select “Store Preset” on the presets pop-up menu and enter the desired name for the preset in the dialog that appears. To rename the selected preset, select “Rename Preset” on the pop-up menu and enter a new name. To delete the selected preset, select “Remove Preset” on the pop-up menu. ÖYou can also apply EQ (and Inserts) settings from Track presets, see “Applying Inserts and EQ settings from track presets” on page 291. EQ in the channel overview If the “Channel” section is selected in the Inspector or the “Overview” view mode is selected in the extended mixer, you will get an overview of which EQ modules, insert ef- fects and effect sends are activated for the channel. By clicking the respective indicator (1 to 4), you can turn the corresponding EQ module on or off. The channel overview in the Inspector The option “Use Cubase 3 EQ settings as default” In the Preferences (VST page) you will find the option “Use Cubase 3 EQ settings as default”. When you activate this option, the EQ settings from Cubase 3 will be used by de- fault. This means that when you create a new track, the four EQ modules will be set to the EQ band types as follows: Copying settings between audio channels It is possible to copy all channel settings for an audio chan- nel and paste them to one or several other channels. This applies to all audio-based channel types. For example, you can copy EQ settings from an audio track and apply these to a group or VST Instrument channel, if you want them to have the same sound. This EQ module… …will be set to EQ1 Low Shelf 1 EQ2 Parametric 1 EQ3 Parametric 1 EQ4 High Pass 1
126 The mixer Proceed as follows: 1.In the mixer, select the channel you want to copy set- tings from. 2.Click the “Copy First Selected Channel’s Settings” button on the common panel. 3.Select the channel(s) you want to copy the settings to and click the “Paste Settings to Selected Channels” but- ton (below the “Copy First Selected Channel Settings” button). The settings are applied to the selected channel(s). You can copy channel settings between different types of channels, but only those channels will be used for which corresponding settings are available in the target channel: For example, since input/output channels do not have send ef- fects, copying from them will leave the Sends settings in the target channel unaffected. Also, in case of Surround Sound (Cubase only), for example, any Insert effects routed to surround speaker channels will be muted, when the settings are pasted to a mono or stereo channel. Initialize Channel and Reset Mixer The Initialize Channel button can be found in the lower part of the Control Strip section in the Channel Settings window (if this section is not shown in the Channel Set- tings window, open the context menu and select “Control Strip” on the Customize View submenu). Initialize Channel resets the selected channel to the default settings. Similarly, the mixer common panel holds a Reset Mixer/ Reset Channels button – when you click this, you will be asked whether you want to reset all channels or just the selected channels. The default settings are: All EQ, Insert and Send effect settings are deactivated and re- set. Solo/Mute is deactivated. The fader is set to 0 dB. Pan is set to center position. Changing the meter characteristics In the Mixer context menu, opened by right-clicking any- where on the mixer panel, there is a submenu named “Glo- bal Meter Settings”. Here you can make settings for the preferred meter characteristics, with the following options: If “Hold Peaks” is activated, the highest registered levels are “held” and are shown as static horizontal lines in the meter. Note that you can turn this on or off by clicking in any audio level meter in the mixer. If “Hold Forever” is activated, the peak levels will be shown until meters are reset (by clicking the numerical peak display below the meter). If “Hold Forever” is off, you can specify for how long the peak levels will be held with the parameter “Meters’ Peak Hold Time” in the Preferences (VST–Metering page). The peak hold time can be between 500 and 30000 ms. If “Meter Input” is activated, meters will show input lev- els for all audio channels and input/output channels. Note that the input meters are post input gain (Cubase only). If “Meter Post-Fader” is activated, meters will show post-fader levels. This is the default setting for channels in the mixer. In Cubase, there is also a “Meter Post-Panner” mode. This is similar to “Meter Post-Fader”, but the meters will reflect pan set- tings as well. If “Fast Release” is activated, the meters respond very quickly to level peaks. If “Fast Release” is deactivated, the meters respond more like standard meters. You can set the time it takes for the meters to “fall back” in the Preferen- ces (VST–Metering page). Hold Peaks is activated. The highest registered level is dis- played in the meter.
127 The mixer Using group channels You can route the outputs from multiple audio channels to a group. This enables you to control the channel levels us- ing one fader, apply the same effects and equalization to all of them etc. To create a group channel, proceed as follows: 1.Select Add Track from the Project menu and select “Group Channel” from the submenu that appears. 2.Select the desired channel configuration and click OK. A group channel track is added to the Track list and a corresponding group channel strip is added to the mixer. By default the first group chan- nel strip is labeled “Group 1”, but you can rename it just like any channel in the mixer. 3.Pull down the Output Routing pop-up for a channel you want to route to the group channel, and select the group channel. The output of the audio channel is now redirected to the selected group. 4.Do the same for the other channels you wish to route to the group. Settings for group channels The group channel strips are (almost) identical to audio channel strips in the mixer. The descriptions of the mixer features earlier in this chapter apply to group channels as well. Some things to note: You can route the output of a group to an audio channel (see “Recording from busses” on page 71), to an output bus or to another group. You cannot route a group to itself. Routing is done with the Output Rou- ting pop-up menu in the Inspector (select the subtrack for the Group in the Track list) or in the Routing section at the top of each channel strip. There are no Input Routing pop-ups, Monitor buttons or Record Enable buttons for group channels. This is because inputs are never connected directly to a group. Solo functionality is automatically linked for channels routed to a group and the group channel itself. This means that if you solo a group channel, all channels routed to the group are automatically soloed as well. Similarly, soloing a channel routed to a group will automatically solo the group channel. Mute functionality depends on the setting “Group Chan- nels: Mute Sources as well” in the Preferences (VST page). By default, when you mute a group channel no audio will pass through the group. However, other channels that are routed directly to that group channel will remain unmuted. If any of those channels have aux sends routed to other group channels, FX channels or output busses, those will still be heard. If the option “Group Channels: Mute Sources as well” is activated in the Preferences (VST page), muting a group channel will cause all other channels directly routed to it to be muted as well. Pressing mute again will unmute the group channel and all other channels directly routed to it. Channels that were muted prior to the group channel being muted will not remember their mute status and will be unmuted when the group channel is unmuted. One application of group channels is to use them as “effect racks” – see the chapter “Audio effects” on page 150. About output busses Cubase uses a system of input and output busses which are set up using the VST Connections dialog. This is de- scribed in the chapter “VST Connections: Setting up input and output busses” on page 13. Output busses let you route audio from the program to the outputs on your audio hardware. Routing audio channels to busses To route the output of an audio channel to one of the ac- tive busses, proceed as follows: 1.Open the mixer. 2.Make sure the routing panel is visible – see “Normal vs. Extended channel strips” on page 112. 3.Pull down the Output Routing pop-up menu at the top of the channel strip and select one of the busses. This pop-up menu contains the output busses configured in the VST Connections window, as well as available group channels (provided that the busses and groups are compatible with the speaker configuration for the channel – see “Routing” on page 18). !You can select a group channel as an Input for an audio track, e.g. to record a downmix of separate track outputs routed to a group (see “Recording from busses” on page 71). !The option “Group Channels: Mute Sources as well” does not affect how mute automation is written. Writ- ing mute automation on a group channel only affects the group channel and not channels routed to it. When writing the automation, you will see the other channels being muted when this option is activated. However, upon playback, only the group channel will respond to the automation.
128 The mixer You can also make routing settings in the Inspector. For details on routing surround channels (Cubase only), see “Surround in the mixer” on page 182. Viewing the output busses in the mixer Output busses are shown as output channels in a sepa- rate pane to the right in the mixer. You show or hide this pane by clicking the Hide Output Channels button in the mixer’s common panel. Each output channel resembles a regular audio channel strip. Here you can do the following: Adjust master levels for all configured output busses using the level faders. Adjust input gain and input phase of the output busses (Cu- base only). Add effects or EQ to the output channels (see the chapter “Audio effects” on page 150). MIDI-specific procedures This section describes basic procedures for MIDI chan- nels in the mixer. Selecting what to show in the extended MIDI channel strip When using the extended channel strip view options (see “Normal vs. Extended channel strips” on page 112), the upper panel can be set to show different views for each MIDI channel strip. You select what to display for each channel by using the View options pop-up menu at the top of each channel strip. The following views are possible: The MIDI insert effects. MIDI inserts can also be found in the Inspector and the Channel Settings window for MIDI channels. How to use MIDI insert effects is described in the chapter “MIDI realtime parameters and effects” on page 305. The MIDI send effects. The sends can also be found in the Inspector and the Channel Settings window for MIDI channels. How to use MIDI send effects is described in the chapter “MIDI realtime parameters and effects” on page 305. The “Meter” option shows large level (velocity) meters in the extended panel.You can also select the “Overview” option – this shows a graphic overview of which insert effect slots and effect sends are activated for the channel. You can click the indicators to turn the corresponding slot/send on or off. Cubase only: The “User Panel” option allows you to im- port MIDI device panels – this is described in the separate PDF document “MIDI Devices”. Selecting “Empty” will display a blank panel in the ex- tended strip. By selecting from the View options pop-up on the com- mon panel, you can set the view for all channels in the mixer. Selecting EQ or SurroundPanners (which apply to audio channels only) will not change the view for MIDI channels. Selecting inserts or send ef- fects from the common panel will change the view for all channel types. Using Channel Settings For each MIDI channel strip in the mixer (and MIDI track in the Track list or the Inspector), there is an Edit (“e”) button. Clicking this opens the MIDI Channel Settings window. By default, this window contains a duplicate of the mixer channel strip, a section with four MIDI inserts and a sec- tion with four MIDI send effects. You can customize the Channel Settings window, by showing/hiding the different panels and/or by changing their order: To specify, which panels should be shown/hidden, right-click in the Channel settings window, and activate/deactivate the respective options on the Customize View submenu on the context menu. To change the order of the panels, select “Setup” on the Cus- tomize View pop-up menu and use the “Move up” and “Move Down” buttons in the dialog that opens.
129 The mixer Every MIDI channel has its own channel settings window. The MIDI Channel Settings window Utilities Link/Unlink channels This function is used to “link” selected channels in the mixer so that any change applied to one channel will be mirrored by all channels in that group. You can link as many channels as you like, and you can also create as many groups of linked channels as you like. To link chan- nels in the mixer, proceed as follows: 1.Press [Ctrl]/[Command] and click on all the channels you want to link. [Shift]-clicking allows you to select a continuous range of channels. 2.Right-click somewhere on the gray mixer panel. The Mixer context menu appears. 3.Select “Link Channels” from the context menu. To unlink channels, select one of the linked channels and select “Unlink Channels” from the Mixer context menu. The channels are unlinked. Note that you do not have to select all the channels that are linked, only one of them. ÖIt is not possible to remove individual channels from Link status. To make individual settings to a linked channel, press [Alt]/[Option] when changing the setting. What will be linked? The following rules apply for linked channels: Only level, mute, solo, select, monitor and record enable will be linked between channels. Effect/EQ/pan/input and output routing settings are not linked. Any individual channel settings you have made before linking will remain until you alter the same setting for any of the linked channels. For example, if you link three channels, and one of them was muted at the time you applied the Link Channel function, this channel will remain muted after linking. However, if you mute another channel all linked channels will be muted. Thus, the individual setting for one channel is lost as soon as you change the same parameter setting for any of the linked channels. Fader levels will be “ganged”. The relative level offset between channels will be kept if you move a linked channel fader. The three channels shown are linked. Pulling down one fader changes the levels for all three channels, but keeps the relative level mix. By pressing [Alt]/[Option], you can make individual set- tings and changes for channels that are linked.
130 The mixer ÖLinked channels have individual automation tracks. These are completely independent, and are not affected by the Link function. The Window submenu The Mixer context menu, opened by right-clicking anywhere on the Mixer window background, provides the Window submenu. Its options are handy for quickly switching to an- other open mixer window, showing/hiding the different mixer panes etc. It contains the following options: Show Routing View Allows you to show/hide the topmost section of the mixer which contains the input/output routing settings. Show Extended View Allows you to show/hide the middle section of the mixer, where you can display different settings for the channels (EQs, Send effects, etc.). Next Mixer This displays the next mixer window (if you have several mixer windows open). Saving mixer settings It is possible to save complete mixer settings for all or all selected audio-related channels in the mixer. These can later be loaded into any project. Channel settings are saved as mixer settings files. These have the file extension “.vmx”. Right-clicking somewhere in the mixer panel or in the Channel Settings window brings up the context menu where the following Save options can be found: “Save Selected Channels” will save all channel settings for the selected channels. Input/output routings are not saved. “Save All Mixer Settings” saves all channel settings for all channels. When you select any of the above options, a standard file dialog opens where you can select a name and storage lo- cation on your disk for the file. Loading mixer settings Loading Selected Channels To load mixer settings saved for selected channels, pro- ceed as follows: 1.Select the same number of channels in the new project to match the number of channels you saved settings for in the previous project. For example, if you saved settings for six channels, select six channels in the mixer. Mixer settings will be applied in the same order as they were in the mixer. Thus, if you save settings from channels 4, 6 and 8 and apply these set- tings to channels 1, 2 and 3, the settings saved for channel 4 would be applied to channel 1, the settings saved for channel 6 to channel 2 and so on. 2.Right-click the mixer panel to open the context menu, and select “Load Selected Channels”. A standard file dialog appears, where you can locate the saved file. 3.Select the file and click “Open”. The channel settings are applied to the selected channels. !Saving mixer settings does not apply to MIDI chan- nels in the mixer – only audio-related channels (group, audio, instrument, effect return, VSTi and Re- Wire) are saved with this function! !Loading mixer settings does not apply to MIDI chan- nels in the mixer – only audio-related channels (group, audio, instrument, effect return, VSTi and ReWire) are saved and can be loaded with this function! !If you choose to apply mixer settings to fewer chan- nels than you saved, the order of the saved channels in the mixer applies – i.e. the saved channels that are “left over” and not applied will be the channels with the highest channel numbers (or furthest to the right in the mixer).