Steinberg Nuendo 4 Operation Manual

							531
Index
Csh files 309
Ctrl/Command key 9
Cursor, see “Project cursor”
Cut Head 47
Cut Tail 47
Cut Time 54
Cycle
About 61
About recording 66
Record modes 80
Recording audio 73
Recording MIDI 80
Cycle markers
About 110
Adding in Marker window 110
Drawing 112
Editing 112
Making selections with 113
Navigating to 112
On Marker track 111
D
DC Offset 247
Deactivate
Inserts 171
Deactivate plug-in when silence is
detected (VST 3) 169, 196
Deactivate Punch In on Stop 83
Default MIDI editor 364
Default Output Bus 14
Default template 488
Default Track Time Type 40
Delay compensation
About 170
Constraining 200
Delete
Audio files from disk 302
Events in Project window 51
MIDI controllers 360, 381
MIDI notes 375
Delete Continuous Controllers 360
Delete Controllers function 360
Delete Doubles function 360
Delete Notes function 360Delete Overlaps
Audio 52, 75
Mono (MIDI) 361
Poly (MIDI) 361
Delete Time 54
Detect Silence 254
Device Panels 27, 136
Device Ports
Selecting for busses 13
Setting up 12
DirecShow Video 470
DirectX Video 470
Disable Hitpoints 281
Disable sends 178
Disable Track 62
Display format 31
Dissolve Part
Audio 42
MIDI 359
Dithering 173
Dividing the Track list 40
Drag Delay 44
Drag&drop Inserts
Automation 235
Sidechain 182
Draw
Hitpoints 282
In Sample Editor 271
Markers 112
MIDI controllers 379
MIDI notes 371
Parts 42
Drop Out Frames 454
Duplicate
Events and parts 46
MIDI notes 373
Duplicate tracks 39
E
Edit Active Part Only 365
Edit button
Audio channel strips 137
Audio track Inspector 27
MIDI channel strips 144
MIDI track Inspector 344
Edit In-Place 381
Edit Mode 474Edit warp 285
Editing via MIDI 375
Edits folder 239
Effect Return channels 179
Effects, see “Audio effects” or “MIDI
effects”
Elements (Sample Editor) 260
Enable Record on Selected Track 65
Enable Solo on Selected Track 51
Enable Track 62
Enlarge Selected Track 35
Envelope
Process 242
Real-time 97
EQ
Bypassing 139
Presets 140
Setting 138
Equal Pitch (Selection) 372
Eraser tool 51
Event as Region 55
Events
Aligning 45
Audio 24
Color 39
Duplicating 46
Envelopes 97
Grouping 49
Locking 50
Moving 44
Muting 51
Overlapping in audio part 292
Overlapping in Project window 44
Removing 51
Renaming 47
Renaming all on track 38
Resizing 48
Resizing with time stretch 49
Selecting 43
Sliding contents 49
Splitting 47
Events (Snap mode) 56
Events from Regions 55
Events to Part 42
Exclusive Solo 134 
						

							532
Index
Export
AAF 495
AES31 496
OMF 494
OpenTL file 497
Export Audio Mixdown 438
Export MIDI files 498
Export Options (MIDI files) 499
Export selected tracks 500
Export Tempo track 419
External Effects 182
External effects
About 17
Favorites 20
Freezing 21
Missing plug-ins 21
Setting up 18
External Inputs (Control Room
Channel) 153, 154, 157
External instruments
About 17
Favorites 20
Freezing 21
Missing plug-ins 21
Setting up 19
Extract Audio from Video 472, 493
Extract MIDI Automation 362
F
Fade handles 87
Fade In/Out functions 89
Faders 132
Fades
Auto Fades 96
Creating 87
Editing in dialog 89
Presets 90
Processing 89
Removing 88
Fill Loop 47
Film Transfers
Frame rates 476
Procedures 476
Filter (MIDI) 82
Filter (Project Browser) 432
Filter bar 385
Find missing files 305Find Selected in Pool 303
FireWire 473
Fixed Lengths 360
Fixed tempo 415
Fixed Velocity 362
Folder parts 107
Folder tracks
About 106
Moving tracks into 106
Muting and soloing 107
Frame offset 473
Frame rate
About 476
Get From Video 472
Setting 448
Free Warp 285
Freeze Edits 253
Freeze Quantize 356
Freeze Tracks 175
Freeze VST Instruments 195
FX channel tracks
About 175
Adding effects for 176
Mixing down to file 438
Routing sends to 177
Setting up 176
Soloing 180
G
Gain 242
Gap 218
Global (Input Transformer) 397
Glue Tube tool
MIDI editors 374
Project window 48
Grid (Snap mode) 56
Grid Relative (Snap mode) 56
Groove Quantize
From audio 283
Group 49
Group channel tracks
About 23
Routing audio to 142
Using effects 174
H
Hitpoints
Auditioning 280
Background 278
Calculating 279
Disabling 281
Editing manually 282
Locking 281
Sensitivity 280
Horizontal Zooming Only 34
I
Import
AAF 495
AES31 496
Audio CD 308
Audio files 41
Audio from Video file 493
Medium in Pool 306
MIDI files 498
MPEG files 494
Ogg Vorbis files 494
OMF 494
OpenTL file 497
REX 493
Tempo track 419
Track Archive 500
Video files 41
WMA files 494
XSend 498
Impulse Response file 240
Independent track loop
Audio Part Editor 293
MIDI editors 369
Indicate Transpositions 119
Info line
Customizing 506
Key Editor 366
Pool 298
Project window 30
Inhibit Restart 454
Initialize Channel 141
Input (MIDI) 77 
						

							533
Index
Input busses
About 11
Adding 13
Routing to channels 14
Viewing in the mixer 15
Input channels 132
Input Gain
About 133
Setting record level 70
Input levels 69
Input Phase switch 133
Input Transformer 397
Input/Output routing panel (Mixer)
126
Inputs (Audio) 12
Insert effect combinations
Saving 185
Insert effects (Audio) 170
Insert into Project 303
Insert pop-up menu 384
Insert Silence
Project window 55
Sample Editor 268
Insert Velocity (MIDI Editors) 371
Insert velocity (MIDI Editors) 371
Inserts
Bypassing vs. deactivating 171
Inserts drag&drop
Automation 235
Sidechain 182
Inspector
Audio tracks 28
Customizing 506
Folder tracks 29
General controls 27
Handling 26
MIDI tracks 343
sub-panels 345
Transpose track 29
Instrument Freeze 195
Intensity (Appearance) 511
Interpolate Audio Images 265
Iterative Quantize 355
J
Jog wheel 62
Jump tempo curve mode 417
K
Keep Last
Audio cycle recording 73
MIDI cycle recording 80
Key commands
About 518
Alternative Key Sets 523
Conventions 9
Default 523
Importing 522
List of default commands 524
Loading 522
Modifying 518
Removing 520
Resetting to default 523
Saving 521
Searching for 520
L
Lanes
Audio Part Editor 292
Stacked Audio Recording 75
Stacked MIDI Recording 80
Latency
Monitoring 71
VST System Link 461
Left locator 61
Legato 360
Length Adjustment 82
Length Compression 346
Length Quantize 371
Level faders 132
Level meters
Input mode 70
Post-Fader mode 70
Settings 141
LFE amount (Surround) 210
Libraries 490
Line mode
Automation 236
MIDI controllers 379
MIDI velocity 378
Linear Record Mode
Audio 73
MIDI 79
Linear time base 40List Editor
Adding events 384
Editing in the list 384
Editing in the value display 386
Filtering events 385
Masking events 385
Local (Input Transformer) 397
Locate when clicked in empty space
60
Locators 61
Lock 50
Lock Event Attributes 50
Lock Frames 454
Lock Hitpoints 281
Logical Editor
About 388
Actions 395
Filter conditions 389
Functions 394
Opening 388
Presets 389, 397
Logical Project Editor
About 400
Actions 407
Filter conditions 401
Functions 407
Opening 400
Overview 
400
Presets 401, 409
Loop
Audio Part Editor 293
MIDI editors 369
Loop icon
Audio Part Editor 293
Pool 306
Sample Editor 265
M
M button 51
Machine control
Position follows jog 458
Position follows mouse edits 458
Preferences 458
Setting Auto Edit Pre/Postroll 459
Setting up 455
Sony 9-Pin specifics 458
Macros 520 
						

							534
Index
Magnetic Area 354
Magnetic Cursor (Snap mode) 56
Magnifying Glass tool 34
Main Mix Bus 14
Map Input Bus Metering to Audio
Track (in Direct Monitoring) 71
Markers
About 110
Adding in Marker window 110
Drawing on Marker track 112
Editing in Project Browser 433
Editing on Marker track 112
ID numbers 111
Key commands for 113
Marker track 111
Marker window 110
Moving 111
Removing 110
Snapping to 56
Mask function 385
Media files 315
MediaBay
About the Browser 316
About the Scope 322
About the Tag Editor 323
About the Viewer 319
Category search 320
Detail search 320
Favorites 318
Filter buttons 319
Media files 315
Scanning operations 317
SoundFrame node 318
Supported files 315
Tags 323
User tags 324
Menus
Customizing 509
Merge Clipboard 243
Merge MIDI in Loop 358
Merge Record Mode
Audio 73
MIDI 79
Merge Tempo from Tapping 362, 422Meters
Characteristics 141
Coloring of 511
Input 70
Input mode 70
Peak’s Hold Time 142
Post-Fader mode 70
Settings 141
Metric Bias 
281
Metronome
Activating 83
Precount 83
Settings 84
MIDI
functions vs. track parameters 352
MIDI channel
Any 79
Selecting for tracks 78
Send effects 349
MIDI Channel Settings 79, 144
MIDI Clock
About 447
Always Send “Start” 449
Follows Project Position 450
Transmitting 449
MIDI connector button 375
MIDI Controller Input to Automation
Tracks 215
MIDI effects
About 348
Deactivating 350
Inserts 348
Presets 349
Sends 349
MIDI files 498
MIDI Filter 82
MIDI input (Editing via) 375
MIDI Input Transformer 397
MIDI inputs
Renaming 78
Selecting for tracks 78MIDI notes
Deleting 375
Drawing 371
Editing velocity 378
Moving 373
Muting 374
Quantizing 352
Resizing 374
Selecting 372
Splitting and gluing 374
Transpose (Function) 357
Transposing (in editor) 373
MIDI outputs
Renaming 78
Selecting for tracks 78
Send effects 349
MIDI parts
About 23
Drawing 42
Editing 364
Editing in Project Browser 432
Sliding contents 49
MIDI Record Catch Range 82
MIDI reset 81
MIDI Thru 77
MIDI Timecode Follows Project Time
450
MIDI tracks
Channel Settings window 144
Settings 344
Track Parameters 346
Minimize Files 309
Mix (Cycle Record mode) 80
Mixconvert
Extended mixer view 136 
						

							535
Index
Mixer
Common panel 131
Extended channel strips 126
Group channels 142
Hiding channel types 128
Input and output busses 132
Input/Output settings 126
Link/Unlink channels 145
Loading settings 146
Multiple mixer windows 124
Pan 135
Saving settings 146
Solo and Mute 134
View options 126
Volume 132
Mixing down to an audio file 438
MMC
Setting up 455
Modifier keys 9, 524
Monitor button
Audio tracks 71
MIDI tracks 77
Monitoring modes 71
Monitors (Control Room Channel)
153, 154, 158
Move Controller (Quantize setting)
355
Move Hitpoints 282
Move to Back/Front 44
Move to Cursor 44
Move to Origin 44
MP3 files
Exporting 441
Importing 494
MPEG files
Audio 494
Video 470
MPEX
Pitch Shift 245
Time Stretch 249
Musical time base 40Mute
Events in Project window 51
MIDI notes 374
Mixer 134
Pre-Send 178
Tool 51
Tracks 51
N
New Project 33
Noise Gate 243
Non Quantize setting 355
Normal Record Mode
Audio 73
MIDI 79
Normal Sizing 48
Normalize
Audio process 244
Surround Panner 211
Note Velocity Slider 371
Notes, see also “MIDI notes”
Npl files
Libraries 490
Pool files 309
Nudge buttons
MIDI editor toolbar 373
Project window toolbar 45
Nudge position buttons 62
Nuendo Expansion Kit 9
Numeric keypad 60
O
Offline Process History 251
Ogg Vorbis files
Exporting 442
Importing 494
OMF files 494
On Import Audio Files 41
On Processing Shared Clips 239
On Startup setting 489
Online (VST System Link) 463
Open 487
Open Document Options dialog 490
OpenTL files 497
Option/Alt key 9
Output (MIDI) 77Output busses
About 11
Adding 13
Mixing down to file 438
Routing channels to 14
Surround configurations 205
Viewing in the mixer 15
Output channels 132
Outputs (Audio) 12
Over Quantize 355
Overlapping events
Audio Part Editor 292
Project window 44
Overview 38
Overwrite (Cycle Record mode) 80
P
Padlock symbol 50
Pan Law 136
Pan modes 135
Parabola mode
Automation 236
MIDI controllers 379
MIDI velocity 378
Part Data mode 37
Parts, see “Audio parts” or “MIDI
parts”
Paste at Origin 47
Paste Time
MIDI editing 374
Selection ranges 54
Patch Editor (Surround) 212
Peak Hold Time 142
Pedals to Note Length 361
Pencil tool 42
Pending Connections 487
Performance meter 147
Phase Reverse 244
Phones (Control Room Channel)
153, 154
Pitch Bend
Deleting 381
Editing 379
Recording 81
Pitch Shift 244 
						

							536
Index
Play icon
Audio Part Editor 293
Pool 306
Play tool
Audio Part Editor 293
Project window 42
Plug-in delay compensation 170
Plug-in Information window
MIDI plug-ins 350
VST plug-ins 187
Plug-ins
Applying 249
Automating 234
Getting info 187
In surround configurations 212
Installing VST 2.x 186
Organizing 186
Poly Pressure events 381
Polyphony (Restricting) 361
Pool
About 297
Auditioning 306
Convert Files 310
Handling audio clips 300
Import Medium 306
Importing Pool files 309
Locate missing files 305
Record folder 308
Search Filters 304
Search Functionality 304
Searching for User Attributes 304
Status column icons 299
Position Mode 209
Postroll 83
Pre/Post-CrossFade 240
Precount 83
Pre-fader sends 178
Preferences
9-Pin 458
Presets 510
Transferring 514
Prepare Archive 309
Preroll 83
Process Bars 420
Process Tempo 420Processing
About 239
Plug-ins 249
Settings and functions 240
Undoing 251
Project
Activating 487
Creating 33
Opening 487
Saving 
488
Saving templates 488
Template 488
Project Browser 429
Project cursor
Autoscroll 57
Moving 60
Selecting events with 43
Snapping to 56
Project overview line 38
Project scrubbing 62
Project Setup dialog 33
Pull-down
2-3 Pull-down 477
About 476
Video 480
Pull-up
About 476
Video 480
Punch In
Automatic 66
Manual 65
Punch Out 66
Q
Q-points 282
Quantize
About 352
Applying 355
Automatic during recording 79
Creating grooves from audio 283
Ends 356
Freeze 356
Lengths 356
Setting on toolbar 353
Setup dialog 353
Undo 356
Quick Zoom 34QuickTime 470
R
Ramp tempo curve mode 417
Random (Track parameter) 347
Random Quantize setting 355
Range (Track parameter) 347
Range Selection tool 52
Real-Time Export 439
Realtime mode (time stretch) 249
Realtime pitch-shifting 288
Reconstruct 305
Record Catch Range 82
Record enable 65
9-Pin Devices 459
Record file type 67
Record folder 69
Record format 67
Record Mode (Linear)
Audio 73
MIDI 79
Recording from busses 69
Recording in MIDI editors 82
Recording tempo changes 419
Recovering recordings 85
ReCycle files 493
Redo Zoom 36
Regions
Creating 269
Creating from events 55
Creating with Detect Silence 255
Editing 270
Exporting as audio files 308
Removing 270
Relative snapping 56
Remove
Crossfades 91
Fades 88
Remove DC Offset 247
Remove Empty Tracks 39
Remove missing files 305
Remove Parameter 237
Repeat
Events and parts 46
Loop 360
MIDI notes 373
Replace Audio in Video File 474 
						

							537
Index
Replace Record Mode
Audio 73
MIDI 79
Reset 81
Reset Mixer 141
Resolution 67
Resolving 448
Restrict Polyphony 361
Retrospective Record 81
Return To Start Position on Stop 62
Reverse 247
Reverse (MIDI function) 362
Revert 490
ReWire
About 483
Activating 484
Channels 485
Routing MIDI 485
REX files 493
Right locator 61
Root key 116
Routing
Audio to and from busses 14
Effect sends 177
Effect sends (Panning) 178
Ruler
About 31
Adding additional time scales 32
Ruler tracks 32
S
S button 51
Sample Editor
Audio clip information 260
Definition tab 262
Hitpoints tab 263
Inspector 261
Playback tab 262
Process tab 263
Range tab 263
Sample rate 33
Sample size 67
Save 488
Save New Version 488
Save Project to new folder 489Scissors tool
MIDI editors 374
Project window 47
Scrubbing
Events in Project window 42
Events in Sample Editor 266
Project 62
Resizing events by 48
While setting snap point 266
Search Functionality in Pool 304
Search key commands 520
Select Tool
Show Extra Info 31
Selecting
Events in Project window 43
MIDI notes 372
Mixer channels 138
Send effects (Audio) 175
Send Shuttle Command instead of
Fast Forward/Rewind 458
Send Still Command instead of Stop
458
Sensivity slider 280
Set Pool Record Folder 308
Set Record Folder 69
Set root key for unassigned events
116
Set Timecode at Cursor 451, 453
Shared copy 46
Show All Used Automation 233
Show Controllers 37
Show Data on Small Track Heights
37
Show Event Names 37
Show Event Volume Curves Always
87
Show Filter View 385
Show Part Borders 365
Show Track Colors 39
Show Video Thumbnails 474
Shuffle (Snap mode) 56
Shuttle speed 62
Side-Chain
Using 180
Signal levels 69
Silence 247
Simple Crossfade Editor 92Sine mode
Automation 236
MIDI editing 380
Sizing Applies Time Stretch 49
Sizing Moves Contents 48
Slices
Auditioning 280
Creating 283
Disabling 281
Locking 281
SMPTE
Get From Video 472
Snap
MIDI editors 370
Project window 55
Snap Mode 275
Snap point
Setting for clips in Pool 306
Setting in Project window 55
Setting in Sample Editor 266
Snap Record Parts to Bars 82
Snap to Zero Crossing
Audio Editor 295
Preference setting 57
Sample Editor 271
Snap Track Heights 35
Solo
Audio Part Editor 293
Folder tracks 107
MIDI editors 369
Mixer 134
On Selected Track 51
Tracks 51
Solo Defeat 134, 180
Solo Record in MIDI Editors 82
Sony 9-Pin
Auto Edit button 459
Record enabling audio tracks 458
Setting up 457
Sony 9-pin
Preferences 458
SoundFrame
About 311
Speaker icon (MIDI editors) 370
Speaker tool
Audio Part Editor 293
Project window 42 
						

							538
Index
Speakers (SurroundPanner) 209
Spectrum Analyzer 255
Split
Events 47
Range 55
Split at Cursor
MIDI editors 374
Project window 47
Split Loop
MIDI editors 374
Project window 47
Split MIDI Events 47
Square mode
Automation 236
MIDI editing 380
Stacked Cycle Recording
Audio 75
MIDI 80
Standard Mode 209
Start Record at Left Locator 65
Startup options 489
Static Value Line (Automation) 235
Stationary cursors 57
Statistics 256
Step Bar 61
Step Input 376
Step input 376
Stereo Flip 248
Stereo Pan Law 136
Stereo pan modes 135
Stop after Automatic Punch Out 83
Straighten Up
Activating in Pool 275
Strip Silence 255
Studio Cue Mix 164
Studios (Control Room Channel)
153, 154
Surround
About 203
Applying plug-ins 212
Exporting to file 211
Positioning sounds 208
Routing to surround channels 207
Setting up 205
Surround Panner 208
Swing 354
Sync indicator 452, 454Sync Project and Mixer Selection 137
Sync Selection 430
Synchronization
About 446
Audio card settings 453
Connections for 449
Formats 
446
Frame rates 448
Indicator (Transport panel) 452,
454
Machine control 455
Recording in Sync mode 66
Settings 449
Syncing equipment to Nuendo
449
To timecode 451
System Exclusive
About 411
Bulk Dumps 411
Editing 413
Recording parameter changes
412
T
Talkback (Control Room Channel)
153, 154, 158
Tap Tempo 422
Telecine process
About 476
Transferring film to NTSC video
477
Transferring film to PAL/SECAM
video 477
Templates 488
Tempo
About 415
Calculating 421
Editing 417
Editing in Project Browser 433
Importing and exporting 419
Recording 419
Setting in Fixed mode 419
Tapping 422
Tempo based tracks 40
Tempo matching audio loops 272,
277
Tempo record slider 419Thin Out Data 362
Time based tracks 40
Time display 61
Time format 31
Time Linear
MIDI editors 367
Tempo Track Editor 416
Time Scales 32
Time signature 419
Time Stretch 248
Time Warp tool 422
Timecode
About 446
Frame rates 448
Synchronizing to 451
Toggle Track List 40
Tool modifier keys 524
Toolbar
Audio Part Editor 291
Customizing 506
Key Editor 366
List Editor 383
Pool 298
Project window 30
Sample Editor 260
Track Archive (importing) 500
Track Control Settings 507
Track list
About 25
Customizing 507
Dividing 40
Track Parameters 346
Track Presets
Extracting sound from 199
Track Quick Controls
About 339
Assigning parameters 339
Controlling the mixer 340
Remote Control setup 341
Removing 340
Renaming 339
Replacing 340
Track Sheet 435
Track types 23 
						

							539
Index
Tracks
Adding 38
Audio channel configuration 68
Changing height of 35
Color 39
Disabling/Enabling 62
Freezing 175
Importing and exporting 500
Locking 50
Musical/Linear time base 40
Removing 39
Renaming 38
Selecting 39
Transfer projects and settings 514
Transfer tracks between projects 500
Transformer (MIDI effect) 388
Transparent events 37
Transport menu
Functions 59
Playback options 63
Transport panel
Customizing 506
Display format 61
Hiding and showing 60
Key commands 60
Overview 59
Transpose
Info line 31
MIDI function 357
Track parameter 346
Transpose track
About 115
Triangle mode
Automation 236
MIDI editing 380
Trim buttons 49
Trim tool 369
Tuplet 354
U
Undo
Processing 251
Recording 72
Zoom 36
Undo Quantize 356
Ungroup 49
Unlock 50Unstretch Audio 287
Update Display 440, 441, 442
Update Origin 298
Use File Extension in File Dialog 488
Use Nuendo 3 EQ settings as default
140
Use pop-up menu (Hitpoints) 281
User Panels 27, 136
Audio Tracks 136
On Audio Tracks 28
UV22 HR 174
V
Velocity
Editing 378
Editing via MIDI 376
Info line 31
MIDI function 361
Velocity Compression 346
Velocity Shift
Track parameter 346
Video
Edit Mode 474
Extracting audio from 472
Generating thumbnail cache files
471
Import preferences 470
Importing files 470
Playback Engine 469
Playing back 472
Playing back via FireWire 473
Preparations 469
Replacing audio 474
Setting up 470
Video Cache Size 474
Video Frame rate
Adopting 472
Video playback engine 470
Video track
About 470
Editing in Project Browser 433
Showing thumbnails 474
Volume (Info line) 132
Volume curve 97
Volume handle 88
VST 3
Deactivate plug-in when silence isdetected 169, 196
VST Channel Settings 137
VST Connections 12
VST Instrument tracks
Setting up 190
VST Instruments
Activating 192
Automating 194
Browsing for sounds 197
Channels 191
Freezing 195
Presets for instruments 197
Saving Presets 199
Using VST System Link 466
VST Performance window 147
VST plug-ins
Getting info 187
Installing 186
VST Ports 12
VST System Link
About 460
Activating 463
Connections 460
Latency 461
MIDI 464
Putting computers online 463
Requirements 460
Setting up sync 461
Settings 462
W
Warp tabs
Creating from hitpoints 287
Wave files 440
Wave Image Style 37
Wave64 files 441
Waveform zooming 34
Window layouts 504
Windows Media Audio files
Importing 494
Surround format (Pro) 442
WK-Audio ID 167
WMA files
Importing 494
WMA Pro files 442 
						

							540
Index
Word Clock
About 447
Selecting for sync 453
Setting up 449
Workspaces 504
Wrap Controls (Track list) 35
X
XSend
Installing 498
Z
Zero Crossings 57
Zoom
About 34
History 36
Presets 36
Sample Editor 265
Track height 35
Waveforms 34
Zoom N Tracks 35
Zoom Tool Standard Mode 34
Zoom while Locating in Time Scale
34