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the region, to maximum allowed by the gain parameter at the right edge), useful for gradually
removing frequencies from a region.
Fade In
This works like Fade out but inversed. It can also be used in conjunction with any of the three
filter types (Bandpass/Low-pass/High-pass).
Fade out then in
This is a mix of the two previous options; the filtering effect gradually fades out until the
middle of the region, then fades back in. It can also be used in conjunction with any of the
three filter types (Bandpass/Low-pass/High-pass).
Fade in then out
The inverse of the above. It can also be used in conjunction with any of the three filter types
(Bandpass/Low-pass/High-pass).
Related topics
The Spectrum display
Spectrogram options
Spectrum editor
5.6 Shared tool windows
Shared tool windows are windows that can only exist in one place at a time and are shared
between Workspaces. They perform useful tasks in the active Workspace.
They can be docked and un-docked, and saved in your custom layouts.
Shared tool windows:
Phasescope
VU Meter
Oscilloscope
Bit Meter
Spectroscope
Spectrometer
Wavescope
Timecode
Background task monitor
Log window
Master Section
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Related topics
About Tool Windows
Metering
Docking windows
5.6.1 Phasescope
The Phasescope indicates the phase and amplitude relationship between two stereo chan-
nels. It is only really relevant when monitoring stereo audio material.
Reading the Phasescope
It can be interpreted as follows:
ˆ A vertical line indicates a perfect mono signal (the left and right channels are the same).
ˆ A horizontal line indicates that the left channel is the same as the right, but with an
inverse phase.
ˆ A random but roughly elliptical shape indicates a well balanced stereo signal. If the
shape "leans" to the left, there is more energy in the left channel and vice versa (the
extreme case of this is if one side is muted, in which case the Phasescope will show a
straight line, angled 45 degrees to the other side).
ˆ A perfect circle indicates a sine wave on one channel, and the same sine wave shifted
by 90 degrees on the other.
ˆ Generally, the more you can see a "thread" shape, the more bass there is in the signal;
the more "spray-like" the display, the more high frequencies are in the signal.
Phase Correlation meter
At the bottom of the display, you will find a Phase Correlation meter, which shows the same
information but in a different way:
ˆ The green line shows the current phase correlation, while the two red lines show the
recent peak minimum and maximum values, respectively (these are the default colors,
which you can change).
ˆ With a mono signal, the meter would show +1, indicating that both channels are per-
fectly in phase.
ˆ Similarly, -1 indicates that the two channels are the same, but one is inverted.
ˆ Generally, for a "good" mix, the meter should show a value between 0 and +1.
Unlike the main Phasescope, the Phase Correlation meter is also available in "Analyze audio
selection" mode, showing an average value for the selected range.
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Changing settings
You can define display colors, peak hold time, and the resolution or number of samples to
display from the Functions>Settings... menu.
The Phasescope meter can be found in the Metersmenu of the Audio Files and Audio Mon-
tage Workspaces. It can be used either as a floating window, or docked in the Workspace
or the
Control Window .
Related topics
Metering
5.6.2 VU Meter
The vu-meter is used to display the peak and average loudness/decibel level of your Audio
File. It also displays the pan, or the balance between the left and right channels in a stereo
file.
The upper part of the level/pan meter window shows the peak level and average loudness,
in the following way:
ˆ The Peak Level meters display the peak levels of each channel, graphically and numeri-
cally. By default, the meter segments and numerical peak values are displayed in green
for low levels, yellow for levels between -6dB and -2dB, and red for levels above -2dB.
You can change both the colors and the range boundaries if you wish via the Level/Pan
Meter Settings dialog. This can be accessed through the Functions>Settings...
menu, or by using the
icon.
ˆ The VU (Volume Unit) meters measure the average loudness (RMS) of each channel.
These meters have a built-in inertia, evening out loudness variations over a user-defined
time span. If you are monitoring playback or audio input, you will also note two vertical
lines following each VU meter bar, seemingly "trying to reach" the current RMS value.
These lines indicate the average of the most recent minimum RMS values (left line)
and the average of the most recent maximum RMS values (right line). To the left, the
difference between the minimum and maximum average values is displayed (the level
value in brackets) - this gives you an overview of the dynamic range of the audio material.
ˆ If you are monitoring real-time audio (playback or input), the maximum peak and loud-
ness values are displayed numerically to the right of the meter bars. Numbers in brack-
ets to the right of the Maximum Peak values indicate the number of successive clips
(0dB signal peaks). Recording levels should be set so that they only rarely clip. If the
master level is set too high, the sound quality and frequency response will be compro-
mised at high recording levels, with unwanted clipping effects. If the level is set too
low, noise levels may be high relative to the main sound being recorded.
Pan meters
The lower part of the window shows the pan (the difference in level between the left and
right channel, only applicable when monitoring stereo audio):
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ˆ The upper pan meters show the peak level difference between the channels, graphically
and numerically. Note that the pan meters are "two-sided"; the level bars can go to the
left or right, indicating which channel is the loudest. The two sides are shown in different
colors (which can be changed via the Settings dialog as explained previously).
ˆ The lower pan meters show the average difference in loudness between the channels,
in a similar way. This gives you a visual indication of whether a stereo recording is
properly centered, for example.
ˆ If you are monitoring real-time audio (playback or input), the maximum balance differ-
ence value (peak and loudness) for each channel is displayed numerically to the left and
right of the meter bars. The VU meter can be found in the Metersmenu of the Audio
Files and Audio Montage Workspaces.It can be used either as a floating window, or
docked in the Workspace or the
Control Window .
Related topics
Metering
5.6.3 Oscilloscope
The Oscilloscope offers a highly magnified view of the waveform around the playback cursor
position.
If you are analyzing a stereo file, the Oscilloscope normally shows the separate levels of
the two channels. However, if you activate the option "Show Sum and Subtraction" on the
Functions menu (or click the +/- icon), the upper half of the Oscilloscope shows the sum of
the two channels and the lower half shows the subtraction.
Making settings
By opening the Settings dialog you can adjust the display colors, and choose to activate
Auto-zoom or not. With Auto-zoom activated, the display is optimized so that the highest
level reaches the top of the display at all times. The Settings dialog can be accessed through
the Functions >Settings... menu, or by using the
icon.
The Oscilloscope can be found in the Metersmenu of the Audio Files and Audio Montage
Workspaces. It can be used either as a floating window, or docked in the Workspace.It can
also be docked in the
Control Window .
Related topics
Metering
5.6.4 Bit Meter
The Bit Meter shows the resolution or the number of bits used in the digital audio being
monitored. Normally the maximum number of bits in an Audio File is the same as the resolution
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of the Audio File (e.g. a 16 bit Audio File shows that up to 16 bits are used), but sometimes
this is not the case.
As soon as you perform any kind of real-time processing on an Audio File, the audio data is
treated at a much higher resolution (32 bit floating point), to allow for pristine audio quality.
Examples of such processing include level adjustments, effects, the mixing of two or more
files, etc. In fact, the only time when a 16 bit file is played back at 16 bit resolution is if
you play it without any fades or effects, and with the Master Faders set to 0.00 (no level
adjustment). You can try this out for yourself by playing back a 16 bit Audio File and viewing
the Bit Meter - as soon as you adjust the Master Faders, note that 24 bits are used and the
"inter" indicator is lit (more on this below).
How to read the Bit Meter
ˆ The innermost meters (closest to the bit scale) show the number of bits in use. You can
adjust this display in the Settings dialog.
ˆ The outer meters are "history" meters, showing how many bits were recently in use. You
can adjust the hold time in the Settings dialog.
ˆ The "over" segment indicates clipping, similar to a clip indicator.
ˆ If the "below" segment is lit, there are more than 24 bits. The bit meter will show the 24
higher bits, and the "below" segment indicates the existence of extra, lower bits. Note
that audio is always processed with more than 24 bits internally.
ˆ If the "inter" segment is lit, this indicates that the audio data cannot really be expressed
on a regular 24 bit scale (there are floating point values "in between" bits, thus the label
"inter"). This is typically the case if you apply effects; thus the "inter" segment allows
you to differentiate processed from non-processed 24 bit PCM files.
When to use the Bit Meter
ˆ To check whether dithering is necessary or not. As a rule, if you're playing back or
mixing down to 16 bits, and the Bit Meter shows that more than 16 bits are used, you
should apply dithering.
ˆ To see the "actual" resolution of an Audio File. For example, even though a file is in 24
bit format, only 16 bits may be used. Or, a 32 bit file may only use 24 bits (in this case,
the "below" segment would not be lit). For this purpose, the Bit Meter is best used in
"Analyze selection" mode.
ˆ To see whether a "zeroed" plug-in still affects your signal, or whether a plug-in uses
16 bit internal processing, or more generally, to detect any signal modifier stage in the
audio chain between reading and playing.
To adjust the Bit Meter settings, select "Settings..." from the Options pop-up menu or by
using the
icon.
The Bit meter can be found in the Metersmenu of the Audio Files and Audio Montage
Workspaces. It can be used either as a floating window, or docked in the Workspace or the
Control Window .
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Related topics
Metering
Dithering
5.6.5 Spectroscope
The Spectroscope shows a continuous graphical representation of the frequency spectrum,
analyzed into 60 separate frequency bands, represented as vertical bars. Peak levels are
shown as a short horizontal lines above the corresponding band, indicating recent peak/-
maximum values. The Spectroscope offers a quick spectrum overview. For a more detailed
analysis of the audio spectrum, use the
Spectrometer . The Spectroscope can be found in
the Meters menu of the Audio Files and Audio Montage Workspaces. It can be used ei-
ther as a floating window, or docked in the Workspace.It can also be docked in the
Control
Window
.
Related topics
Metering
Spectrometer
5.6.6 Spectrometer
The Spectrometer uses FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) techniques to display a continuous
frequency graph, providing a very precise and detailed real-time frequency analysis.
ˆ The current frequency spectrum is shown as a linear graph.
ˆ Spectrum "peaks" are shown as a short horizontal lines, indicating recent peak/maxi-
mum values.
Snapshots
By using the "Add snapshot" and
"Erase last snapshot" buttons, you can take and erase
snapshots of the current spectrum. These will be superimposed over the current peak spec-
trum graph, in a color you can customize, until you click the icon again to take a new snapshot.
One use for this is to check the effects of adding EQ, for example. Up to five snapshots can
be superimposed on the display; the sixth snapshot replaces the earliest one in the display,
and so on. (Don't confuse the order of snapshots with the numbered buttons - these are
Spectrometer presets, see below.)
Zooming
You can adjust the frequency scale and range in the Settings dialog as described below,
but it's also possible to temporarily zoom in on a frequency area of interest. This is done by
clicking and dragging a rectangle in the Spectroscope display. When you release the mouse
button, the display is zoomed in so that the enclosed frequency range fills the window. To
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return to full-scale display, select "Zoom-out fully" from the Functions menu, or double-click
anywhere on the display.
Making settings
You can adjust the behavior and display of the meters as desired, and assign up to five sets
of Spectrometer settings to the Preset buttons, for instant access. Open the Settings dialog
by selecting "Settings" from the Functions menu or clicking the
"tool" icon. Note that you
can apply your settings without closing the dialog, by clicking the Apply button.
If you want to store your settings for later use (or assign them to a Preset button), select "Save
as..." from the pop-up menu in the lower part of the dialog, and specify a name for the preset
in the file dialog that appears. Now, you can choose to make the settings instantly available
for selection in the FFT Meter window, by using the "Assign to preset button" submenu on
the pop-up menu.
ˆ When you are finished, click OK to close the dialog.
Selecting Spectrometer presets
If you have assigned your settings to the Preset buttons in the Settings dialog, you can quickly
switch between different level scales and display modes, by clicking one of the Preset icons
[1]-[5], or selecting the desired preset from the Options pop-up menu.
Exporting FFT data as ASCII text
When using the Spectrometer in off-line mode ("Monitor Edit cursor Position" or "Analyze
audio election" mode) you can export the displayed FFT data as a text file, by selecting
"Export FFT data as ASCII" from the Options pop-up menu. The resulting text file can then
be imported into applications that allow graph plotting from text files (Microsoft Excel, for
example).
The Spectrometer can be found in the Metersmenu of the Audio Files and Audio Montage
Workspaces. It can be used either as a floating window, or docked in the Workspace or the
Control Window .
Related topics
Metering
Spectroscope
5.6.7 Wavescope
The Wavescope meter displays a real-time waveform drawing of the audio signal being mon-
itored.
It can be useful when recording or rendering a file if "Monitor File rendering" mode is active.
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Making settings
You can adjust settings for the display via the Wavescope Settings dialog. This can be
accessed via Functions>Settings... menu, or by using the
icon. Here you can set
various color options for the background, grid and waveform display, as well as setting the
waveform rendering speed and vertical zoom. If "Clear waveform when reaching right of
pane" is checked the waveform display is cleared each time the cursor reaches the right end
of the display. If unchecked, the previous waveform is overwritten.
Tip: Wavescope is a useful meter for visualizing audio during recording. The Wavescope
meter can be found in the Metersmenu of the Audio Files and Audio Montage Workspaces.
It can be used either as a floating window, or docked in the Workspace or the
Control Win-
dow
.
Related topics
Metering
5.6.8 Timecode
This shared tool window displays the current time of the playback head (or the cursor position
if not playing back), in the timecode format currently selected in the Time Format dialog.
The current time can be in a range of standard SMPTE formats, CD or DVD specific formats,
or a custom one - see
Time Format dialog .
The most common use for this window is for working with video or film. You can use it to
display the playback head position of the current Audio File in a SMPTE format to frame level
resolution (i.e. hours:minutes:seconds:frames). You can also use it to display CD frames
(minutes:seconds:frames) when you are authoring CD or DVDs.
You can access this window by choosing Workspace>Shared tool windows >Time-
code . It is available in the Control Window, Audio File Workspace and Audio Montage
Workspace.
For an explanation of each parameter and interface feature, click on , or the 'What's this?'
question mark icon. For more information see
Getting Help
Related topics
Time Format dialog
CD Frame
SMPTE timecode
Authoring CDs and DVDs
5.6.9 Background task monitor
This specific tool window allows you to view all background rendering processes that are in
progress.
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You can adjust the priority with which they are processed, pause or cancel them. It is useful
if you have a number of lengthy processes underway and want to free up some processing
power to focus on editing. You can either lower the priority of a task so it does not use as
much of the computer processor's capacity, or pause the task temporarily.
You can access this window by choosing Workspace>Shared tool windows >Back-
ground task monitor . It is available in the Control Window, Audio File Workspace and
Audio Montage Workspace. You can also access this window in the Control Window by
choosing Utilities>Background task monitor .
You can choose to automatically open the Background task monitor when a rendering pro-
cess begins. To enable this option, select the checkbox via Options>Global Preferences
> Options >Make the Background Task Monitor visible when a task starts . Since
this window is a Shared
tool window, the location where it opens may vary.
For an explanation of each parameter and interface feature, click on , or the 'What's this?'
question mark icon. For more information see
Getting Help
Related topics
Specific tool windows
Control Window
Rendering
5.6.10 Log window
This shared tool window allows you to view log messages that have been issued by WaveLab.
When using WaveLab's scripting language for example, the logWindow( )function outputs
messages to this window. There are a number of toggle buttons and these allow you to filter
the types of messages displayed.
Note: When using the logWindow( ) method you need to have the
"Show informal notes"
button selected for the messages to be visible. If no log messages are displayed, make sure
all the toggle buttons are selected -
.
You can access this window via Workspace>Shared tool windows >Log . It is available
in the Control Window, Audio File Workspace and Audio Montage Workspace. You can also
access this window in the Control Window via Utilities>Log .
For an explanation of each parameter and interface feature, click on , or the 'What's this?'
question mark icon. For more information see
Getting Help
Related topics
Control Window
Specific tool windows
Scripting
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5.7 Tools
In the Audio File Workspace, WaveLab provides you with powerful tools for generating audio,
splitting files, importing audio from CD and working with external applications. This page
contains links to these tools which can be accessed from the Toolsmenu.
Related topics
Error detection and correction
Auto Split
Signal generator
DTMF Generator
5.7.1 Error detection and correction
This specific tool window allows you to search for unwanted clicks and digital artifacts in an
Audio File. Several detection and restoration methods are available. You can detect, mark
and name, jump to, play back and remove individual audio errors.
The settings for error detection and correction are organized within the following groups of
controls:
ˆ Detection tab - choose the method used to detect any errors. Each different method
has its own settings to determine when it will detect an error. Click Detection 1 and 2
will search for clicks in certain frequency ranges while Digital Click Detection looks for
clicks that are caused by clicks typical to digital errors.
ˆ Correction tab - specify the method used to correct any errors.
ˆ Search Area tab - specify the range of audio you wish to search for errors.
ˆ Options tab - this provides a range of preferences for playing back, viewing, and
marking any errors found.
ˆ Browse & Correct panel - step through your defined search region detecting each
error in turn. You can choose to correct any errors or mark them for later correction.
There are controls to skip between error markers and make fine adjustments to the
selection. You can also automatically detect and correct all marked errors in the search
region.
Strategies to detect and correct errors
There are several strategies that you can employ when detecting and correcting errors:
ˆ Define an audio selection where you have identified an error, then click "Correct", or
"Mark for subsequent correction".
WaveLab 7