Land Rover Series Operation Part 1 2 Rover Manual

							APRIL 195056WHEELS AND TYRES
Your Land-Rover is equipped with Dunlop tyres.
Dunlop 6.00-16 Trakgrip T28 pattern tyres are fitted as standard equipment
and are ideal for general cross-country work, towing, etc.; they are also
serviceable on road or track.Fig. 23.  Dunlop 6.00 – 16 Trakgrip T28 TyreFig. 24.  Dunlop 7.00 – 16 Trakgrip T25 Tyre
As alternative equipment, Dunlop 7.00-16 Trakgrip T25 pattern tyres are
available, to obtain maximum wheel grip and driving power when operating
over soft mud, ploughland and all unprepared surfaces. Although this
tractor type tyre can be used for short distances on the road, it is
essentially an off the road tyre and is not recommended for road work.
The tread form makes both types of tyre unidirectional. They must be
fitted with the “V” or arrow in the tread pattern pointing forwards at the
top of the wheel to ensure maximum grip and efficient tread cleaning when
operating on soft ground.
Two types of road wheel are available for the Land-Rover, a well-base type
or a divided type; the divided wheel may readily be identified by the ring of
bolts securing the two halves together. Either pattern wheel may be used
with 6.00-16 or 7.00-16 tyres. Rubber protection flaps must be fitted when
divided wheels are used. 
						

							APRIL 195057TYRE PRESSURES.
If maximum tyre life and performance are to he obtained then careful
attention must he given to the question of correct tyre pressures.
For NORMAL ROAD AND CROSS-COUNTRY work, tyre pressures
must be maintained at:-
Front.Rear.
20 lb. per sq. in.26 lb. per sq. in.
1,4 Kg. /cm2.118 Kg. /cm2
When LOADS IN EXCESS OF 55OLB. (250KG.) are carried in the rear of
the vehicle, pressures in the REAR TYRES ONLY must be raised to 30 lb.
per sq. in. (2,1 Kg. /cm2.).
Should it be desired to traverse EXCEPTIONALLY SOFT GROUND, the
tyre pressures may be REDUCED to
Front.
6.00-16: 15 lb. per sq. in.  (1,05 Kg. /cm2.).
7.00-16: 13 lb. per sq. in.  (0,9 Kg. /cm2.).
Rear.
6.00-16: 20 lb. per sq. in.  (1,4 Kg. /cm2.).
7.00-16: 18 lb. per sq. in.  (1,25 Kg. /cm2.).
These reduced pressures must only be employed when absolutely essential
and the pressures MUST BE RETURNED TO NORMAL immediately after
the soft ground has been negotiated.
Pressures should be checked weekly, using the pressure gauge included in
the tool kit; at the same time it is advisable to cheek the wheel nuts for
tightness. In order to obtain accurate pressure readings, the check should be
made when the tyres are cold, with the gauge held horizontally.
Any unusual pressure loss should be investigated; after making sure that the
valve is not at fault, the inner tube should be removed and subjected to a
water test.
FITTING THE SPARE WHEEL. Owing to the unidirectional treads of the
tyres, it may be necessary to reverse the spare tyre on its wheel (depending
on which side of the vehicle it is to be fitted) to ensure efficient tread
cleaning.
CHANGING TYRE POSITIONS. In the interests of tyre mileage and even
wear, it is desirable to change the position of the tyres on the vehicle
(including the spare) at intervals of 3,000 miles (5.000 Km.). The front and
rear wheels should be interchanged on each side of the vehicle; at the same 
						

							APRIL 195058time, the spare wheel should be fitted to give it a spell of duty and one of
the other wheels removed to become the spare.
 TYRE EXAMINATION. Examine the tyres frequently for flints, nails, etc.,
which may be embedded. in the tread and also for cuts, penetrations and oil.
Flints and sharp objects should be removed with a penknife or similar  tool;
if neglected, the foreign body may work through the cover and puncture the
tube.
Oil and grease should not be allowed to get on the tyres. If any should
accidentally do so, clean off by using petrol sparingly. Do not use paraffin,
which has a very detrimental  effect on rubber.
Ensure that valve caps are fitted and screwed down firmly by hand; do not
use tools as the rubber seating may become damaged if the cap is screwed
down too tightly. The valve cap prevents the entry of dirt to the valve
mechanism and forms a positive seal on the valve, so preventing, leakage
even if the valve core is damaged.
IMPACT TYRE FRACTURES. Excessive and sudden local distortion of
the tyre, such as might result from striking a kerb or loose brick, etc., may
cause the casing cords to fracture.
Every effort should be made to avoid obstacles, particularly when drawing
up to a kerb or parking against one. Extra precaution should be taken when
driving after dark.
REPAIRS. Minor injuries confined to the tread rubber, such as from nails,
tacks and small pieces of road dressing material require no attention other
than the removal of the object. More severe tread cuts or wall rubber
damage require vulcanised repairs, so preventing any extension of the
injury. The use of gaiters or liners for the repair of casing injuries should be
regarded as a temporary emergency measure and not as a satisfactory
substitute for vulcanised repairs.
Inner tube injuries up to ¼ in. (7 mm.) can be repaired with patches; more
extensive damage needs a proper vulcanised repair.
FACTORS AFFECTING TYRE WEAR. The main factors which influence
tyre wear are as follows:-
1. INCORRECT TYRE PRESSURES.
2. SPEED. The rate of tyre wear is increased rapidly if high average
speeds are maintained habitually.
3. ACCELERATION. During wheel slippage, caused by rapid
acceleration, excessive tread wear takes place through abrasion of the
tyre against the road surface.
4. HARSH BRAKING. 
						

							APRIL 1950595. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. In the British Isles, the rate of tread wear
on the warm, dry roads in summer can be twice as fast as on the cold,
wet surfaces common in winter. In certain overseas territories the
difference may be even more marked.
6. ROAD SURFACE. Road surfaces vary enormously in their effect upon
tyre wear.
7. WHEEL ALIGNMENT. It is most important that correct front wheel
alignment be maintained, otherwise the tyre treads will be worn off
laterally. The wheel alignment should be checked periodically by your
dealer and adjusted if necessary.
TYRE REMOVAL AND FITTING.
WELL-BASE WHEELS.
NOTE.-Inextensible wires are incorporated in the tyre beads and no attempt
must be made to stretch the beads over
the rim flanges; excessive force is
unnecessary as it merely tends to damage
the beads.
The operation will be more easily carried
out if the cover beads are lubricated
liberally with water, preferably with a
little soap added. Tyre levers should be
dipped before each insertion.
REMOVAL.
1. Remove the valve cap and core and
place them clear of dirt and grit.
2. Press each bead in turn off its bead
seat, using tyre levers, and working
round the tyre in small steps. Two or
three circuits of the tyre may be
necessary to free the beads
completely.Fig. 25.  Well-base rim wheel 
						

							APRIL 1950603. Insert a lever at the valve position, and
while pulling on this lever, press the head into
the well of the rim diametrically opposite the
valve position.
Insert a second lever close to the first and prise
the bead over the rim flange, holding the
removed portion of the bead with the first
lever.
4. Remove one lever and re-insert a little
further away from the first lever. Continue
round the bead, proceeding in small steps,
until the bead, is completely removed.
Remove the inner tube.
5. Stand the wheel upright and insert a lever
between the remaining bead and the rim
flange; pull the cover back over the flange. If
it is difficult to remove, maintain the pressure
on the lever and tap the bead with a rubber
mallet where it passes over the top of the
flange.
FITTING
1. Thoroughly examine the cover for nails, flints, etc., and ensure that no
loose objects have been left inside. Clean  the
wheel rim flanges and seatings. Always use
the correct size of inner tube, which should
bear the same description as the outer cover.
2. Place the cover eccentrically over the rim,
positioned so that when the cover and tube are
fitted, the white spots near the cover bead will
coincide with the black spots on the tube;
press the lower bead by hand as much as
possible into the well of the rim.
3. Insert a lever as closely as possible to the
point where the bead passes over the flange
and lever the bead over the flange. Repeat
until the bead is completely over the flange. 
						

							APRIL 1950614. Inflate the inner tube until it is just
rounded out, dust with French chalk and
insert it in the cover with the valve through
the hole in the rim, taking care that the valve
is on the correct side of the rim.
5. Press the bead into the rim well
diametrically opposite the Valve and insert a
lever as closely as possible to the point
where the bead passes over the flange; lever
the bead over the flange. Repeat until the
bead is in position all round, finishing at the
valve position.
6. Push the valve inwards to make sure
that the tube adjacent to the valve is not
trapped. under the bead. Pull the valve
firmly back into position and see it protrudes
squarely from the rim during inflation. If
not, deflate the tyre and adjust the positions
of the cover and tube on the rim.
7. Inflate the tyre and ensure that the beads
are seated properly by checking the
concentricity of the fitting line on the cover
with the top of the flange.
8. Remove the valve core to deflate the
tube completely, replace and re-inflate to the
recommended working pressure. The object
of double inflation is to relieve any strain in
the tube.
DIVIDED WHEELS.
NOTE.-Under no
circumstances must the
clamping nuts, which hold the
two halves of the wheel
together, be slackened unless
the tyre is fully deflated.
Failure to observe this rule may
result in damage to the
equipment and involve the risk
of personal injury.Fig. 26.  Divided wheel 
						

							APRIL 195062REMOVAL
1. Remove the valve cap and core to
deflate the tyre and place them clear of dirt
or grit.
2. Press each bead in turn away from the
flange, using levers and working round the
tyre in small steps. Two or three circuits of
the tyre may be necessary to free the beads
completely.
3. Slacken and remove the clamping nuts.
Remove the upper half of the wheel. Push
the valve through the lower half of the wheel
and remove the cover and tube.
FITTING
1. Thoroughly examine the cover for nails,
flints, etc., and ensure that no loose objects
have been left inside. Clean the wheel rim
flanges and seatings. Always use the correct
size of inner tube, which should bear the
same description as the outer cover.
2. Inflate the inner tube until it is just
rounded out, dust with French chalk and
insert it in the cover with the white spots
near the cover bead coinciding with the
black spots on the tube.
3. Fit the protection flap, starting at the
valve position. Make sure that the edges of
the flap are not turned over inside the cover
and that it lies centrally between the beads.
See that the flap fits closely against the tube
round the valve.
4. Lay the studded half of the wheel on the
floor or bench with the studs pointing
upwards. Fit the cover over the wheel and
thread the valve through the hole, making
sure that it points downwards. 
						

							APRIL 1950635. Fit the other half of the wheel and tighten
the clamping nuts lightly. Finally tighten the
nuts in the sequence illustrated. Check that the
valve is free and inflate the tyre to the
recommended pressure.
TYRE AND WHEEL BALANCE.
In the interests of smooth riding, precise steering and the avoidance of high
speed reaction, Dunlop tyres are balanced to close limits. During assembly
of the vehicle, small balance weights are then used to attain an even higher
degree of balance on wheel and tyre units.
When refitting a tyre after repair, the white spots on the cover bead should
be positioned to coincide with the black spots on the inner tube. Should it be
desired to regain the original fine degree of balance, your dealer will be able
to balance the wheel and tyre assembly.
If inner tubes without the black balancing spots are used for replacement
purposes, it is advantageous to fit the covers so that the white spots are at
the valve position.
DUNLOP TYRE SERVICE.
Owners are urged to take full advantage of the facilities offered by the
Dunlop tyre service organisation, with its many depots and agencies
throughout the world.
When replacement tyres are required, orders should specify Dunlop 6.00 –
16 Trakgrip T28 or Dunlop 7.00 – 16 Trakgrip T25 pattern. 
						

							APRIL 195064ELECTRICAL EQUIIPMENT
BATTERY.
 The battery is carried under the bonnet on the right of the engine.
The electrolyte level should be checked at intervals of 1,000 miles (1.500
KM.) in the following manner:-Fig. 27.  Topping-up battery, using a hydrometer
Remove the filler plug from each cell of the battery and examine the level
of the electrolyte in each cell. If necessary, add sufficient distilled water to
bring the electrolyte level with the tops of the separators. A hydrometer will
be found useful for topping up as it prevents the distilled water from being
spilled on top of the battery. Do not use tap water and do not use a naked
light when examining the condition of the cells. Examine the terminals and
if they are corroded, scrape them clean and coat with petroleum jelly.
Wipe away all dirt and moisture from the top of the battery and make sure
that the connections are clean and tight.
 NOTE: -In hot climates it will be necessary to top-up the battery at more
frequent intervals.
In very cold weather it is essential that the vehicle be used immediately
after topping-up, to ensure that the distilled water is thoroughly mixed with
the electrolyte. Neglect of this precaution may result in the distilled water
freezing and causing damage to the battery. 
						

							APRIL 195065Occasionally check the condition of the battery by taking hydrometer
readings of the specific gravity of the electrolyte in each of the cells.
Readings should not be taken immediately after topping-up the cells. The
specific gravity readings and their indications are as follows:-
1.280-1.300 (32° - 34° Baume) Battery fully charged.
About 1.210 (25° Baume) Battery about half discharged.
Below 1.150 (19° Baume) Battery fully discharged.
These figures are given assuming the temperature of the solution is 60°F.
(15.5°C.). If the electrolyte temperature exceeds this, 0.002 must be added
to hydrometer readings for each 5°F. (3°C.) rise to give the true specific
gravity at 60°F. (15.5°C.). Similarly 0.002 must be subtracted from
hydrometer readings for every 5°F. (3°C.) below 60°F. (15.5°C.).
The readings for all cells should be approximately the same. If one cell
gives a reading very different from the rest, it may be that acid has been
spilled or has leaked from this particular cell or there may be a short circuit
between the plates. In this case the battery should be examined by a Lucas
Service Depot or Agent.Fig. 28.  Taking hydrometer readings
A – Hold tube vertical
B – Take readings at eye levelC – Float must be free
D – Do not draw in too much electrolyte
When taking specific gravity readings, examine the condition of the
electrolyte in the hydrometer; it should be fairly clear. If it is very dirty, it is
possible that the plates are in a bad condition