Land Rover Defender 90 Workshop 2nd Edition Nas Rover Manual
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WHEELS AND TYRES 1 FAULT DIAGNOSIS TYRE WEAR CHART FAULT CAUSE REMEDY Rapid wear at Tyres under-inflated Inflate to correct pressure shoulders Worn suspension components Replace worn components i.e. ball joints, panhard rod bushes,steering damper Excessive cornering speeds Rapid wear at centreTyres over-inflated Inflate to correct pressure of tread Wear at one shoulderTrack out of adjustment Adjust track to correct figure Bent panhard rod Check and replace worn or damaged components Bald spots or tyre Wheel out of balance Balance wheel and tyre cupping assembly Excessive radial runout Check runout and replace tyre if necessary Shock absorber worn Replace shock absorber Excessive braking Tyre scalloped Track out of adjustment Adjust toe to correct figure Worn suspension components Replace as necessary Excessive cornering speeds CAUTION: This diagnosis chart is for general guidance only and does not necessarily include every cause of abnormal tyre wear.
74WHEELS AND TYRES 2 FAULT DIAGNOSIS FAULT - SYMPTOMS Vibration through steering wheel 1.Check tyre pressures. See Repair, Tyre Pressures 2.Check condition of tyres.See Tyre Wear Chart 3.Check front wheel alignmentSee STEERING, Adjustment, Front Wheel Alignment 4.Check wheel balance.See Repair, Wheel Balancing NOTE: In the event that any apparent vibration is not eliminated at this stage. See PROPELLER SHAFTS, Fault diagnosis, Vibration Harshness NOTE: Radial ply tyres have a flexible sidewall, which produces a sidewall bulge making the tyre appear under-inflated. This is a normal condition for radial ply tyres. Do not attempt to reduce this bulge by over-inflating the tyre. 1.Correct inflation. 2.Under-inflation. 3.Over-inflation. 4.Tread contact with road.
WHEELS AND TYRES 1 REPAIR GENERAL INFORMATION WARNING: This is a multi- purpose vehicle with wheels and tyres designed for both on and off road usage. Only use wheels and tyres specified for use on the vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with tubeless radial ply tyres as standard equipment. The tyres are of European metric size and must not be confused with the P size metric tyres available in North America. Vehicle wheel sets, including spare wheel, must be fitted with the same make and type of tyre to the correct specification and tread pattern. Under no circumstances must cross-ply or bias-belted tyres be used. For tyre specification and pressures. See GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA, Information, Wheels and Tyres Alloy Wheels Tubeless tyres are mounted on 7.0 inch wide by 16 inch diameter cast aluminium alloy wheels. The surface has a paint finish covered with a clear polyurethane lacquer. Care must be taken when handling the wheel to avoid scratching or chipping the finish. The alloy wheel rim is of the asymmetric hump type incorporating a safety hump to improve location of the tyre bead in its seat. If difficulty is experienced in fitting tyres to this type of rim. See Tyre Fitting WARNING: DO NOT fit an inner tube to an alloy wheel.TYRE INSPECTION Inspect tyres at weekly intervals to obtain maximum tyre life and performance and to ensure compliance with legal requirements. Check for signs of incorrect inflation and uneven wear, which may indicate a need for balancing or front wheel alignment, if the tyres have abnormal or uneven wear patterns. See Fault diagnosis, Tyre Wear Chart Check tyres at least weekly for cuts, abrasions, bulges and for objects embedded in the tread. More frequent inspections are recommended when the vehicle is regularly used in off road conditions. To assist tyre inspection, tread wear indicators are moulded into the bottom of the tread grooves, as shown in the illustration below. When the tread has worn to a remaining depth of 1.6 mm, 0.06 in the indicators appear at the surface as bars which connect the tread pattern across the width of the tread as shown in the illustration below.
74WHEELS AND TYRES 2 REPAIR When the indicators appear in 2 or more adjacent grooves, at 3 locations around the tyre, a new tyre must be fitted. NOTE: DO NOT attempt to interchange tyres, e.g. from front to rear, as tyre wear produces characteristic patterns depending on their position. If tyre position is changed after wear has occured, the performance of the tyre will be adversely affected. NOTE: Territorial vehicle regulations governing tyre wear MUST be adhered to. WHEELS INSPECTION Regularly check the condition of the wheels. Replace any wheel that is bent, cracked, dented or has excessive runout. VALVES INSPECTION Check condition of inflation valve. Replace any valve that is worn, cracked, loose, or leaking air.TYRE PRESSURES Maximum tyre life and performance will be obtained only if tyres are maintained at the correct pressures. Tyre pressures must be checked at least once a week and preferably daily, if the vehicle is used off road. The tyre inflation pressure is calculated to give the vehicle satisfactory ride and steering characteristics without compromising tyre tread life. For recommended tyre pressures in all conditions See GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA, Information, Wheels and Tyres Always check tyre inflation pressures using an accurate gauge and inflate tyres to the recommended pressures only. Check and adjust tyre pressuresONLYwhen the tyres are cold, vehicle parked for three hours or more, or driven for less than 3 km, 2 miles at speeds below 65 km/h, 40 mph. Do not reduce inflation pressures if the tyres are hot or the vehicle has been driven for more than 3 km, 2 miles at speeds over 65 km/h, 40 mph, as pressures can increase by 0.4 bar, 6 lb/in 2 over cold inflation pressures. CheckALLtyre pressures including the spare. Refit the valve caps as they form a positive seal and keep dust out of the valve.
WHEELS AND TYRES 3 REPAIR WHEEL BALANCING CAUTION: It is essential that all wheel balancing is carried out off the vehicle. The use of on the vehicle balancing could cause component damage or personal injury and MUST NOT be attempted. NOTE: Before attempting to balance a wheel and tyre assembly clean all mud and dirt deposits from both inside and outside rims and remove existing balance weights. Remove stones from the tyre tread in order to avoid operator injury during dynamic balancing and to obtain the correct balance. Inspect tyres for damage and correct tyre pressures and balance according to the equipment manufacturers instructions.Alloy wheels Clean area of wheel rim and attach adhesive balance weights in position shown. Cut through rear face of weight strip to detach required weights. CAUTION: Use only correct adhesive balance weights to avoid damage to aluminium wheel rim. DO NOT attempt to use a steel wheel weight on an aluminium wheel.
74WHEELS AND TYRES 4 REPAIR Static balance Wheel tramp A.Heavy spot. B.Add balance weights here. C.Centre line of spindle. Static balance is the equal distribution of weight around the wheel. A statically unbalanced wheel will cause a bouncing action called wheel tramp. This condition will eventually cause uneven tyre wear.Dynamic balance Wheel shimmyA.Heavy spot. B.Add balance weights here. C.Centre line of spindle. Dynamic balance is the equal distribution of weight on each side of the centre line so that when the wheel spins there is no tendency for side to side movement. A dynamically unbalanced wheel will cause wheel shimmy.
WHEELS AND TYRES 5 REPAIR Off vehicle balancing Balance wheel assembly referring to equipment manufacturers instructions. It is essential that the wheel is located by the centre holeNOTthe stud holes. To ensure positive wheel location the diameter of the locating collar on the machine shaft must be 112.80 to 112.85 mm, 4.441 to 4.443 in. This diameter will ensure that the collar fits correctly within the centre hole of the wheel. Where possible always use the vehicle wheel retaining nuts to locate the wheel on the balancer, to avoid damaging the wheel. If this is not possible, the locating nuts must be of a similar pattern to the original wheel nuts. The use of conical type wheel nuts for this purpose may damage the surface on alloy wheels. Cleaning Wash the aluminium wheels using a suitable wash and wax concentrate correctly diluted and rinse with cold clear water.DO NOTuse abrasives or aluminium wheel cleaners containing acid, as they will destroy the lacquer finish. Tyre changing Use only tyre changing equipment to mount or demount tyres, following the equipment manufacturers instructions.DO NOTuse hand tools or tyre levers, as they may damage tyre beads or the wheel rim. Puncture repair Remove punctured tyre from wheel and repair using a combination service plug and vulcanising patch. Always follow manufacturers instructions when using a puncture repair kit. Only punctures in tread area are repairable,DO NOT attempt to repair punctures in tyre shoulders or sidewalls. Do not attempt to repair a tyre that has sustained the following: bulges or blisters, ply separation, broken or cracked beads, wear indicators visible and punctures larger than 6 mm diameter. CAUTION: Do not use tyre sealants that are injected through valve stem to repair punctured tyres, they may produce wheel corrosion and tyre imbalance. Aluminium wheel rim bead seats should be cleaned using a non-abrasive cleaner to remove the mounting lubricants and old rubber. Before mounting or demounting a tyre, bead area should be well lubricated with a suitable tyre lubricant. TYRE FITTING Alloy wheels 1.Install a new valve assembly. 2.Ensure wheel and tyre is adequately lubricated. 3.Mount tyre in normal manner. Inflate tyre and at same time apply hand pressure to area around valve to aid seating over valve first. NOTE: Stop inflation immediately if tyre seats opposite valve, as this will result in valve being blocked by tyre beading, making further inflation impossible, and carry out following procedure. 4.Deflate tyre, unseat and rotate it around the rim until valve is in line with that part of tyre which seated initially. This part of beading having seated over hump previously will automatically seat first when tyre is re-inflated. 5.Inflate tyre to seat beads correctly, finally inflate to correct pressure.
74WHEELS AND TYRES 6 REPAIR WHEELS Remove WARNING: The parking brake acts on the transmission, not rear wheels, and may not hold vehicle when jacking unless the following procedure is used. If one front wheel and one rear wheel is raised, no vehicle holding or braking effect is possible. Wheels MUST be chocked in all circumstances. Apply parking brake, select P in main gearbox and engage low gear in transfer box. 1.Loosen 5 wheel nuts. 2.Using a suitable trolley jack, raise vehicle and place on axle stands. See INTRODUCTION, Information, Jacking 3.Remove wheel nuts and carefully withdraw wheel over studs. Refit 4.Ensure that retaining studs and nuts are clean. 5.Alloy wheels: Lightly coat wheel mounting spigot face with a suitable anti-seize compound to minimise possibility of adhesion between wheel and spigot face. 6.Refit wheel taking care not to damage stud threads. (Do not apply oil). 7.Fit wheel nuts and turn by hand for at least 3 full threads before using any form of wheel wrench. 8.Tighten nuts as much as possible using a suitable wrench. 9.Lower vehicle and finally tighten nuts to correct torque in sequence shown. 130 Nm, 95 lbf ft.WHEEL STUD Remove 1.Remove wheel. See Wheels 2.Drive stud out of driveshaft flange. Refit 3.Position stud in flange. 4.Install a suitable spacer over stud. 5.Using a M16 x 1.5 nut, a slave wheel nut is suitable, pull stud into flange until shoulder of stud abuts flange. 6.Refit wheel. See Wheels
CHASSIS AND BODY 1 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION CHASSIS AND BODY Chassis The chassis on all Defender variants are of the box section, ladder type construction, manufactured from 2 mm (14swg) steel and treated with zinc phosphate, cathodic electro coated, followed by waxing in the rear crossmember. Outriggers and angled brackets welded to the chassis support suspension and axle components and are also used as body mounting points. A detachable box section crossmember, located between the two chassis longitudinals, is fitted to facilitate main gearbox and tranfer box assembly removal.Should chassis damage occur a comprehensive range of components are available, including body support outriggers, cross members and radius arm mounting brackets. ALWAYS fit genuine parts that are fully guaranteed and to original equipment specification, fitted with Land Rovers BS 5135 welding standard. Body All body panels, with the exception of the fascia bulkhead, are manufactured from aluminium alloy. Galvanized steel is used for the front wheel arches to give optimum protection. Most panels are also treated with zinc phosphate and cathodic electrocoated with polyester surfacer, and are bolted to the welded chassis.