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APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Aspect ratio
The proportional relationship between the width and the height of the projected image. It is represented by two numbers separated by a colon, 
indicating the ratio of image width and height respectively: for example\
, 16:9 or 2.35:1.
Not to be confused with resolution.
Blanking (projection)
The ability to intentionally turn off, that is, set to black, areas around the edges of the projected image.\
 It is sometimes referred to as “curtains” 
since it can be used to blank an area of image that literally falls on t\
he curtains at the side of the screen in a movie theater. Usually no image 
resizing or geometric correction takes place and the “blanked” par\
t of the image is lost.
Not to be confused with horizontal and vertical blanking (video signal).
Blanking (video signal)
The section of the video signal where there is no active video data.
Not to be confused with blanking (projection).
Blend region
The area of the image that is to overlap with another image in an edge blend setup. Sometimes called overlapping region.
Brightness (electronic control)
A control which adds a fixed intensity value to every pixel in the display, moving the entire range of displayed intensities up or down, and is 
used to set the black point in the image (see Contrast). In S-Video and Component Video signals, brightness is the same as luminance.
Brightness (optical)
Describes how ‘bright’ an image that is projected onto a screen appears to an observer.
C
See Chrominance.
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Chrominance
Also known as ‘C’, this is the component, or pair of components, of an S-Video or Component Video signal which describes color 
difference information.
Cold mirror
A mirror that preferentially reflects or transmits infra-red light. In a projector, a cold mirror is used to reflect the visible component of the lamp 
beam into the illumination optics and transmit the unwanted infrared rad\
iation into an absorber.
Color difference
In S-Video or Component Video signals, the difference between specified colors and the luminance component. Color difference is zero for 
monochrome images.
Color gamut
The spectrum of color available to be displayed.
Color temperature
The position along the black body curve on the chromaticity diagram, nor\
mally quoted in Kelvin. It takes into account the preset values for 
color balance in the service set-up to take up the variations in the pri\
sm. The projector allows you to adjust this temperature (i.e. adjust the 
picture color temperature).
ColorMax
A method of accurately color-matching projectors together.
Component video
A three-wire or four-wire video interface that carries the signal split i\
nto its basic RGB components or luminance (brightness) and two-color-
difference signals (YUV) and synchronization signals.
Composite video
A signal line that carries luminance, chrominance, synchronization pulses and blanking.
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Contrast (electronic control)
The adjustment of the white point of the image without affecting the black point. This increases the intensity range of the displayed image.
Contrast (optical)
The intensity difference between the darkest and lightest areas of the screen.
Cr, Cb
Color difference signals used with ‘Y’ for digital Component Video inputs. They provide information about the signal color. Not to be 
confused with Pr, Pb.
Crop
Remove part of the projected image.
Alternatively, fit an image into a frame with a different aspect ratio by removing part of the image. The image is resized so that either its 
length or its width equals the length or width of the frame, while the o\
ther dimension has moved outside the frame; the excess area is then cut \
out.
Dark time
The time inserted between frames when using 3D active glasses, to avoid ghosting caused by switching time between left and right eye.
DDC (Display Data Channel)
A communications link between the source and projector. DDC is used on the HDMI, DVI and VGA inputs. The link is used by the source to 
read the EDID stored in the projector.
Deinterlacing
The process of converting interlaced video signals into progressive ones.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
A network protocol that is used to configure network devices so that they can communicate on an IP network, for example by allocating an IP 
address.
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DMD™ (Digital Micromirror Device™)
The optical tool that transforms the electronic signal from the input so\
urce into an optical image projected on the screen. The DMD™ of a 
projector has a fixed resolution, which affects the aspect ratio of the projected image.
A Digital Micromirror Device™ (DMD™) consists of moving microscop\
ic mirrors. Each mirror, which acts as a pixel, is suspended between 
two posts by a thin torsion hinge. It can be tilted to produce either a \
bright or dark pixel.
Edge blend
A method of creating a combined image by blending the adjoining edges of \
two or more individual images.
Edge tear
An artifact observed in interlaced video where the screen appears to be split horizontally. Edge tears appear when the video feed is out of 
sync with the refresh rate of the display device.
EDID (Extended Display Identification Data)
Information stored in the projector that can be read by the source.
EDID is used on the HDMI, DVI and VGA inputs, allowing the source to automatically configure to the optimum display settings.
EDTV (Enhanced Definition Television)
A progressive digital television system with a lower resolution than HDTV.
Field
In interlaced video, a part of the image frame that is scanned separately. A field is a collection of either all the odd lines or all the even lines 
within the frame.
Frame
One of the many still images displayed in a sequence to create a moving \
picture. A frame is made of horizontal lines of pixels. For example, 
a 1920x1080 frame consists of 1080 lines, each containing 1920 pixels. I\
n analog video frames are scanned one at a time (progressive 
scanning) or split into fields for each field to be scanned separately (interlaced video).
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Frame rate
The number of frames shown per second (fps). In TV and video, a frame rate is the rate at which the display device scans\
 the screen to 
“draw” the frame.
Frame rate multiplication
To stop low frame rate 3D images from flickering, frame rate multiplication can be used, which increases the displayed frame rate by two or 
three times.
Gamma
A nonlinear operation used to code and decode luminance. It originates from the Cathode Ray Tube technology used in legacy television 
sets.
Ghosting
An artifact in 3D image viewing. Ghosting occurs when an image intended \
for one eye is partially seen by the other eye.
Ghosting can be removed by optimizing the dark time and sync delay.
Global setting
A projector setting that affects all inputs. In the OSD, global settings are indicated with a globe icon.
HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
An encryption scheme used to protect video content.
HDTV (High Definition Television)
A television system with a higher resolution than SDTV and EDTV. It can be transmitted in various formats, notably 1080p and 720p.
Hertz (Hz)
Cycles per second.
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Horizontal Scan Rate
The rate at which the lines of the incoming signal are refreshed. The rate is set by the horizontal synchronization from the source and 
measured in Hertz.
Hs + Vs
Horizontal and vertical synchronization.
Hue
The graduation (red/green balance) of color (applicable to NTSC).
Interlacing
A method of updating the image. The screen is divided in two fields, one containing every odd horizontal line, the other one containing the\
 
even lines. The fields are then alternately updated. In analog TV interlacing was commonly used as a way of doubling the refresh rate without 
consuming extra bandwidth.
Interleaving
The alternation between left and right eye images when displaying 3D.
IRE
A unit used to show the range from black to white in Composite Video signals.
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
An electronic component that emits light.
Lens extension
The distance between the front of the projector and the front of the mou\
nted lens. When a long lens is intended to cover a relatively short 
throw distance, lens extensions should be taken into account when calculating the throw ratio as the error margin for such calculations 
should not exceed 5%.
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Letterboxing
Black margins at the top and bottom of the image. Letterboxing appears w\
hen a wider image is packed into a narrower frame without 
changing the original aspect ratio.
Lumen
A photometric unit of radiant power. For projectors, it is normally used to specify the total amount of emi\
tted visible light.
Luminance
Also known as ‘Y’, this is the part of an S-Video or Component Video signal which affects the brightness, i.e. the black and white part.
Modal setting
A projector setting that only affects the currently displayed input.
Noise
Electrical interference displayed on the screen.
NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)
The United States standard for television - 525 lines transmitted at 60 \
interlaced fields per second.
OSD (on-screen display)
The projector menus allowing you to adjust various global and modal settings.
Overlapping region
See blend region.
PAL (Phase Alternate Line)
The television system used in the UK, Australia and other countries - 625 lines transmitted at 50 interlaced fields per second.
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Pillarboxing
Black margins at the left and right of the image. Pillarboxing appears w\
hen a narrower image is packed into a wider frame without changing 
the aspect ratio.
Pixel
Short for Picture Element. The most basic unit of an image. Pixels are arranged in lines and column\
s. Each pixel corresponds to a micromirror 
within the DMD™; resolutions reflect the number of pixels per line by the number of lines. For example, a 1080p projector contains 1080 
lines, each consisting of 1920 pixels.
Pond of mirrors
Area around the periphery of the DMD™ containing inactive mirrors. The pond of mirrors may cause artifacts, for example during the edge 
blending process.
Pr, Pb
Color difference signals used with ‘Y’ for analog Component Video inputs. They provide information about the signal color. Not to be 
confused with Cr, Cb.
Primary colors
Three colors any two of which cannot be mixed to produce the third. In a\
dditive color television systems the primary colors are red, green and 
blue.
Progressive scanning
A method of updating the image in which the lines of each frame are drawn in a sequence, without interlacing.
Pulldown
The process of converting a 24 fps film footage to a video frame rate (25 fps for PA L/SECAM, 30 fps for NTSC) by adding extra frames. DP 
projectors automatically carry out reverse pulldown whenever possible.
Resolution
The number of pixels in an image, usually represented by the number of pixels per line and t\
he number of lines (for example, 1920 x 1200).
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RGB (Red, Green and Blue)
An uncompressed Component Video standard.
S-curve
A factor applied during edge blend to gradually reduce the light output within the blend region so the combined light output of all overlapping 
images remains a constant. Without an s-curve overlapping areas would be\
 brighter than the rest of the image due to accumulated light from 
more than one projector. 
S-Video
A video signal which has separate Y and C signals.
Saturation
The amount of color in an image.
Scope
An aspect ratio of 2.35:1.
SDTV (Standard Definition Television)
An interlaced television system with a lower resolution than HDTV. For PA L and SECAM signals, the resolution is 576i; for NTSC it is 480i.
SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory)
The television system used in France, Russia and some other countries - \
625 lines transmitted at 50 interlaced fields per second.
Segmentation
The process of splitting a source image into segments. In edge blending, segmentation may be used to assign a different segment to each 
projector in the array. Segmentation can be carried out within the projectors (each projector\
 receives the whole image and only projects its 
own segment), or externally (each projector receives its own segment)\
.
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SPDIF
Sony/Philips Digital Interface. A digital audio interface standard.
SX+
A display resolution of 1400 x 1050 pixels with a 4:3 screen aspect ratio. (Shortened from SXGA+, stands for Super Extended Graphics 
Array Plus.)
Synchronization
A timing signal used to coordinate an action.
Test pattern
A still image specially prepared for testing a projection system. It may \
contain various combinations of colors, lines and geometric shapes.
TheaterScope
An aspect ratio used in conjunction with a special anamorphic lens to display 2.35:1 images packed into a 16:9 frame.
Throw distance
The distance between the screen and the projector.
Throw ratio
The ratio of the throw distance to the screen width.
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