Casio Z1 Gr User Manual

  71  MID$   PURPOSE: Returns a substring of a specified length from a specified position within a string. FORMAT: MID$ ( string , position [ , number of characters ] )  String expression  Numeric expression  Numeric expression EXAMPLE: MID$ (A$, 5, 3) PARAMETERS: 1. String: string expression 2. Position: numeric expression truncated to an integer in the [0 , 256[ range. 3. Number of characters: numeric expression truncated to an integer in the [0 , 256[ range. The default option is from the specified...

  72  STR$   PURPOSE: Converts the argument (numeric value or numeric expression value) to a string. FORMAT: STR$ (argument)  Numeric expression EXAMPLE: STR$ (123), STR$ (255+3) PARAMETERS: Argument: numeric expression EXPLANATION: 1. Converts decimal values specified in the argument to strings. 2. Converted positive values include a leading space and converted negative values are preceded by a minus sign SEE: VAL  VAL   PURPOSE: Converts a numeric character string to a numeric value. FORMAT: VAL...

  73  5.8.6 Graphical Functions  DRAW   PURPOSE: Draws a line segment between two graphic coordinates. FORMAT: DRAW [ ( x1 , y1 ) ] - ( x2 , y2 )   Numeric expression Numeric expression  Numeric expression Numeric expression EXAMPLE: DRAW (0,0)-(50,50) DRAW-(100,50) PARAMETERS: 1. (x1, y1) are the coordinates of the first graphic coordinate. When omitted, the computer will use the last graphic coordinate used in the program. 2. (x2, y2) are the coordinates of the second graphic coordinate. 3. x1 and x2...

  74  POINT   PURPOSE: Returns the status of a pixel FORMAT: POINT ( x , y )  Numeric expression Numeric expression EXAMPLE: POINT(50,50) PARAMETERS: (x, y) is a graphic coordinate. 1. x should be in the [0 , 191] range. 2. y should be in the [0 , 63] range. EXPLANATION: Value returned is 1 if the pixel is active (black), 0 if the pixel is inactive.  F0  

  75  5.1 BASIC Commands Index  &H 69 LOAD#  ABS 57 LOCATE  ANGLE 57 LOG, LN 63 ASC 68 LPRINT  ASN, ACS, ATN 58 MID$ 71 BEEP  NCR 63 CHR$  NEW [ALL] 42 CLEAR 43 NEW#  CLOSE  NPR 64 CLS  ON ERROR GOTO  CUR 59 ON GOSUB 52 DATA 56 ON GOTO 51 DEFSEG  OPEN  DEG 68 PASS 42 DIM  PAUSE  DMS$ 68 PEEK  EDIT 46 PI 64 END 48 POKE  EOF  POL 64 ERASE  PRINT  ERL  PRINT#  ERR  RAN# 65 EXP 59 READ  FACT 59 READ#  FIX 60 REC 65 FOR - NEXT 54 REM (‘) 55 FRAC 60 RESTORE  FRE 43 RESTORE#  GOSUB 50 RESUME  GOTO 49 RETURN 50...

  76  6 C Programming 6.1 The Basics of C 6.1.1 C and the other programming languages Early history of C C is a programming language that incorporates such concepts as module programming and structural syntax along the lines of ALGOL. Another well-known offshoot of ALGOL is PASCAL, and forebears of C are the CPL and BCPL languages. Both CPL and ECPL were early innovations by Britains Cambridge University in an attempt to make ALGOL 60 easier to use. This concept crossed over to the United States,...

  77 6. Pointer control Unlike the memory addresses used in FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC, C employs a pointer to indicate memory locations.  7. Efficient use of memory Memory and data management functions, as well as programs are very compact, for more efficient memory utilization. Thanks to this, C gives you the high level programming capabilities of FORTRAN and Pascal, with all of the detailed processing of machine language. 6.1.2 Learning about C with your pocket computer There once was a time that C...

  78 The few differences between the Casio interpreted C language and an ANSI standard compiled C will be highlighted in this manual 6.2 C Program Input 6.2.1 About the C Interpreter and Editor The unit provides you with both a C interpreter and editor. The interpreter is used to execute programs. The editor is used for program creation and editing. Before getting into the actual operations of the unit, perhaps it might be a good idea to first look at these two functions in a little more detail.  About...

  79 3. Pressing the key  3  will lead to the C sub-menu allowing writing, compiling, running and editing programs in C language. .3. < C >  F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9     51113B F1>Run/Load/Source You can use the       cursor keys to select the program area 0 - 9 The  S  key allows to start writing the source code with the editor. .S. .    Note that the C language is case sensitive. Key words have to be written in lower case characters only. Make sure the CAPS symbol is switched OFF before entering a...

  80  To create a new program from the MENU mode 1. Press the MENU key to enter in the main menu. MENU             < MENU >  1:F.COM 2:BASIC 3:C     4:CASL 5:ASMBL 6:FX    7:MODE 2. Press the key 3 to enter in the C mode .3. < C >  F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9     51113B F1>Run/Load/Source Use the       cursor keys to select an empty program area among areas 0 - 9 Enter the editor typing the  S  key. .S. .    You can start writing the new program.  To enter an existing program from the interpreter After...