Casio Z1 Gr User Manual

							  1 PERSONAL COMPUTER FX-890P / Z-1 / Z-1GR OWNER’S MANUAL                          This manual has been written by a non-Japanese speaking CASIO fan to help other non-Japanese speaking CASIO fans to make the best out of their FX-890P, Z-1GR, Z-1GRa or Z-1GR pocket computer. It is based on the Japanese Z-1 users’ manual, the FX-880 & PB2000C English manuals, and all kind of other information gathered on the web. Even if most of the content is based on material with a CASIO copyright, the company CASIO cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracy within this document. This document is not intended for any commercial purpose. Do not pay anything for it, and use it at your own risk.  Thanks to Ledudu.com, Daniel Pratlong, Marcus von Cube, and all the other guys whose information posted on the web helped me with this project.  
						

							  2 CONTENTS  1!Unit Configuration..................................................................................................5!1.1!General Guide.................................................................................................5!1.2!Operational Functions.....................................................................................6!1.3!Symbol Display................................................................................................9!1.4!Keyboard.......................................................................................................10!1.4.1!Keytop Functions....................................................................................10!1.4.2!Functions Noted Above the Keys...........................................................11!1.5!Screen...........................................................................................................11!1.5.1!Physical Lines and Logical Lines............................................................11!1.5.2!Virtual Screen.........................................................................................11!1.5.3!Screen Editor..........................................................................................12!1.5.4!Display Contrast.....................................................................................12!1.6!Display Characters........................................................................................12!1.7!Power Supply................................................................................................13!1.8!Auto Power Off..............................................................................................13!1.9!SYSTEM* Self Test Function........................................................................13!2!Fundamental Operation.......................................................................................15!2.1!CAL Mode.....................................................................................................15!2.2!Formula Storage Function.............................................................................15!2.3!BASIC Mode..................................................................................................16!2.4!C Mode..........................................................................................................17!2.5!CASL Mode...................................................................................................17!2.6!Assembler Mode...........................................................................................17!3!Calculation Function............................................................................................18!3.1!Manual Calculation Preparations..................................................................18!3.2!Manual Calculation Input and Correction......................................................18!3.3!Priority Sequence..........................................................................................20!3.1!Scientific Calculations...................................................................................21!3.1.1!Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions..............................21!4!Formula Storage Function...................................................................................22!4.1!Utilization for Preparing Tables.....................................................................23!5!BASIC Programming............................................................................................26!5.1!Features of BASIC........................................................................................26!5.2!BASIC Program Configuration......................................................................27!5.2.1!BASIC Program Format..........................................................................27!5.3!BASIC Program Input....................................................................................28!5.3.1!Preparation.............................................................................................28!5.3.2!Program input.........................................................................................28!5.3.3!Program Editing......................................................................................29!5.4!BASIC Program Execution............................................................................31!5.4.1!Program Execution.................................................................................31!5.4.2!Errors......................................................................................................31!5.5!Commands....................................................................................................32!5.5.1!REM........................................................................................................33!5.5.2!INPUT.....................................................................................................33!5.5.3!PRINT.....................................................................................................33! 
						

							  3 5.5.4!END........................................................................................................33!5.5.5!IF – THEN...............................................................................................33!5.5.6!GOTO.....................................................................................................34!5.5.7!FOR/NEXT..............................................................................................34!5.5.8!READ/DATA/RESTORE.........................................................................34!5.5.9!GOSUB/RETURN...................................................................................34!5.5.10!Labels...................................................................................................35!5.6!Operators......................................................................................................36!5.7!Constants and Variables...............................................................................37!5.7.1!Constants................................................................................................37!5.7.2!Variables.................................................................................................38!5.7.3!Summary................................................................................................40!5.8!BASIC Command Reference........................................................................41!5.8.1!Format elements.....................................................................................41!5.8.2!Manual Commands.................................................................................42!5.8.3!Fundamental Commands.......................................................................48!5.8.4!Mathematical Functions..........................................................................57!5.8.5!String Functions......................................................................................68!5.8.6!Graphical Functions................................................................................73!5.1!BASIC Commands Index..............................................................................75!6!C Programming....................................................................................................76!6.1!The Basics of C.............................................................................................76!6.1.1!C and the other programming languages...............................................76!6.1.2!Learning about C with your pocket computer.........................................77!6.1.3!Meet the Casio C interpreter...................................................................77!6.2!C Program Input............................................................................................78!6.2.1!About the C Interpreter and Editor..........................................................78!6.2.2!Activating the C mode.............................................................................78!6.2.3!Using the Editor......................................................................................79!6.1!C Program Execution....................................................................................82!6.1.1!To execute a program.............................................................................82!6.1.1!Using Command line Operation..............................................................82!6.1.2!Using the Trace Function........................................................................82!6.2!Introduction to C............................................................................................84!6.2.1!Outputting characters.............................................................................84!6.2.2!Variable types and operations................................................................88!6.2.3!Entering characters and values..............................................................90!6.2.4!Using selection statements.....................................................................92!6.2.5!Using loops.............................................................................................94!6.2.6!Defining functions...................................................................................99!6.1!Constants and Variables.............................................................................102!6.1.1!Local variables and global variables.....................................................102!6.1.2!Pointers and variable storage locations................................................103!6.1.3!Data types and lengths.........................................................................104!6.1.4!Assigning variable names and function names....................................104!6.1.5!Data expressions..................................................................................104!6.1.6!Storage classes....................................................................................106!6.1.7!Arrays and pointers...............................................................................107!6.2!Operators....................................................................................................108!6.2.1!Cast operator........................................................................................110! 
						

							  4 6.3!C Command Reference...............................................................................111!6.3.1!Manual Commands...............................................................................111!6.3.1!Fundamental commands......................................................................112!6.3.1!Mathematical Functions........................................................................118!6.3.2!String Functions....................................................................................123!6.3.3!Graphical Functions..............................................................................125!6.4!C Commands Index.....................................................................................126!  
						

							  5  1 Unit Configuration  1.1 General Guide             Power Switch  Shift Key  Volatile Shift Key  Numeric Keys  Decimal Key  Arithmetic Operator Keys  Execute Key  Parentheses Keys  Answer Key  Engineering Key  Alphabet Keys  Space Key  CAPS Key  Cursor Keys  Insert/Delete Keys  Break Key  Backspace/Clear Line Key  Clear Screen / Home Key  Menu / Sub Menu Key  Calculator Key  Program Area Keys  Function Keys  Formula Storage Keys  ALL RESET Button   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 3 19 20 22 17 23 24  
						

							  6 1.2 Operational Functions   Power Switch Slide up to switch power ON and down to switch power OFF.  Shift Key (   S   ) Used to enter BASIC commands and symbols noted above the keys of the keyboard. Each press of this key causes the symbol “[S]” to switch on and off on the display. Throughout this manual, this key is represented by Shift in order to distinguish it from the alphabetic   S   key.  Volatile Shift Key ( SHIFT ) Same function as the Shift key but needs to be held when pressing the various keys, like on table top computers.  Numeric Keys (   0   -   9   ) Enter the numeric values noted on each key.  Decimal Key (   .   ) Enters a decimal point.  Arithmetic Operator Keys (   +   ,   -   ,   *   ,   /   ) Enter the arithmetic operators noted on the keys.   +   : Addition   -   : Substraction   *   : Multiplication   /   : Division  Execute Key (. . ) Finalizes entry of a calculation and produces the result. The function of this key is equivalent to an “=” key on a standard calculator. This key is also used to enter lines of a program and for actual execution of programs.  Parentheses Keys (   (   ,   )   ) Enter parentheses in such parenthetical calculations as: 5 x (10+20).  Answer Key ( ANS ) Recalls the result of the most recently performed manual or program calculation. Pressing this key during program execution causes the execution to be suspended until the . . key is pressed (STOP displayed).  Engineering Key ( ENG ,  ) Converts a calculation result to an exponential display.  Alphabet Keys Enter the alphabetic characters noted on each key.  Space Key ( SPC ) Enters a space  CAPS Key ( CAPS ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13  
						

							  7 Switches the alphabet keys between upper case and lower case characters. The upper case mode is indicated by the “CAPS” symbol on the display.  Cursor Keys (    ,    ,    ,    ) Move the cursor on the screen. Each press moves the cursor in the direction noted on the keys pressed, while holding down the keys causes continuous, high speed movement. Each cursor key also takes on a different function when pressed in combination with the [Shift] key. KEY FUNCTION [Shift] + .. Cursor left Moves to beginning of logical line (L.TOP) .. Cursor right Moves to end of logical line (L.END) .. Cursor up Moves to File top in editor mode (F.TOP) .. Cursor down Moves to File end in editor mode (F.END)   Insert / Delete Keys ( INS , DEL ) INS inserts a space at the current cursor position by shifting everything from the cursor position right one space to the right. Its function is different when editing C programs though. DEL deletes the character at the current cursor position and automatically fills in the space by shifting everything to the right of the cursor one space to the left. Holding down either of these keys causes continuous high-speed operation of the respective function.  Break Key ( BRK ) Terminates manual operations, program execution, printer output, and LIST output. Also reactivates the power supply when it has been interrupted by the Auto Power OFF function.  Backspace / Clear Line Key (  BS  / L.CAN ) Deletes the character located immediately to the left of the cursor and automatically fills in the space created by shifting everything from the cursor position right one space to the left. In combination with the Shift key, clears the content of the line where the cursor is located, and brings the cursor to the left of the screen.  Clear Screen / Home Key ( CLS / HOME ) Clears the content of the screen and locates the cursor at the upper left corner of the screen. In combination with the Shift key, locates the cursor at the upper left corner of the screen. 14 15 16 17 18  
						

							  8   Menu / Sub Menu Key ( MENU / SUB MENU) Used in combination with numeric keys to specify operational modes. MENU   1  …. Serial Port communication mode MENU   2  …. BASIC mode (program writing/editing) MENU   3  …. C mode (program writing/editing) MENU   4  …. CASL mode (program writing/editing) MENU   5  …. ASSEMBLER mode (program writing/editing) MENU   6  …. FX Statistics mode MENU   7  …. Default configuration selection menu allowing to chose the default configuration at switch ON (mode, default program file, display of the Carriage Return characters ↵ ) and the current angle unit and printer mode. In combination with the Shift key, allows within a specific mode to show the Sub Menu of the mode.  Calculator Key ( CAL ) Switch to the CAL calculator mode.  Program Area Keys ( Shift P0 – P9 ) Executes the BASIC program in the corresponding program area in the CAL mode. Specifies a program area for writing or editing in the BASIC mode.  Function Keys ( log ,  ln  , sin , etc. ) Allow one-touch entry of often-used functions. • Direct input functions  2√  ,  x2  , log ,  ln  , DEGR , sin , cos , tan ,   ^p  • Shift functions  3√  ,  x3 ,  10x ,  ex , DMS , sin-1, cos-1, tan-1, &H, HEX$, FACT  Formula Storage Keys (  IN  , OUT , CALC ) Used when working with the formula storage fuction. See PART 4 FORMULA STORAGE FUNCTION for details.  ALL RESET Button (  ALL RESET ) Clears all memory contents end enters the CAL mode. All important data should be saved elsewhere before pressing this button. If pressing this button does not clear memory contents, first press the P button and then press ALL RESET button again.  P Button (  P ) (rear panel) Hardware reset button to halt misoperation caused by static electricity. Though execution is interrupted, memory contents are retained. The ALL RESET button should be used when the misoperation damages memory contents. Note that power switches OFF and then ON again when the P button is pressed. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25  
						

							  9  1.3 Symbol Display The symbols noted on the display illustrated below appear to show the current status of a calculation CAPS . S . BASIC . DEG . RAD . GRA .  CAPS: Upper case alphabetic characters (lower cases when not displayed) S : Shift mode (commands/functions marked above the keys can be input BASIC: BASIC mode (BASIC program input, editing, execution) DEG: Angle unit – degrees RAD: Angle unit – radians GRA: Angle unit – grads  
						

							  10  1.4 Keyboard    A look at the keyboard of the unit reveals characters and symbols located above the keys. These are accessed using the CAPS and Shift keys.  1.4.1 Keytop Functions Normal Mode In this mode, each key inputs the characters, symbols, or commands noted on the keys themselves. (this status is automatically set when power is switched ON and immediately following a RESET procedure.)  EXAMPLE: Operation  Display  A   A  E   E  Lower Case Mode Pressing the CAPS key shifts the alphabetic keys (only) to lower case characters, indicated by the CAPS symbol disappearing from the display. Pressing the CAPS key once locks the keyboard into the lower case mode, while pressing again returns to upper case.  EXAMPLE: Operation  Display CAPS   A   a  B   b  D   d