Casio Z1 Gr User Manual

							  121  pow()  PURPOSE: Returns x to the power of y. FORMAT: double pow(x, y) double x,y; PARAMETERS:  1. x is a double precision floating-point number. 2. y is the power. EXPLANATION: 1. pow(x,y) is essentially computed using the method xy = exp(y * log(x)). This means that any negative x may generate a mathematical error, despite the fact that xy is mathematically valid. Example: (-8)1/3 generates an error. SEE: log(), log10()  sin()  PURPOSE: Returns the value of sine (parameter). FORMAT: double sin(x) double x; PARAMETERS:  x must be within the ]-1440°, +1440°[ or [-8π, 8π Radians ] range. EXPLANATION: 1. The unit of the parameter x is specified using the angle() function. 2. The returned value is in the [-1, 1] range. SEE: angle(), asin()  sinh()  PURPOSE: Returns the value of hyperbolic sine (parameter). FORMAT: double sinh(x) double x; PARAMETERS:  x must be within the [-230.2585092, +230.2585092] range. EXPLANATION: 1. The mathematical formula for hyperbolic sine is : sinh(x) = (ex - e-x) / 2 where e is 2.7182818284590452353602874713526... 2. The returned value is in the ]-5x1099 , 5x1099[ range. SEE: acosh(), log()  sqrt()  PURPOSE: Returns the square root of the parameter. FORMAT: double sqrt(x) double x; PARAMETERS:  x must be positive. SEE: pow()   
						

							  122   tan()  PURPOSE: Returns the value of tangent (parameter). FORMAT: double tan(x) double x; PARAMETERS:  x must be within the ]-1440°, +1440°[ or [-8π , 8π Radians ] range.  EXPLANATION: 1. The unit of the parameter x is specified using the angle() function. 2. x must be different from 90° or 270° (π/2 or 3π/2 Radians). 3. The returned value is in the ]-1x10100, 10100[ range. SEE: angle(), atan()  tanh()  PURPOSE: Returns the value of hyperbolic tangent (parameter). FORMAT: double tanh(x) double x; PARAMETERS:  x must be within the ]-1x10100, 10100[ range. EXPLANATION: 1. The mathematical formula for hyperbolic tangent is : tanh(x) = (ex - e-x) / (ex + e-x) where e is 2.71828182845904523536028747... 2. The returned value is in the ]-1, 1[ range. SEE: atanh(), log()   
						

							  123  6.3.2 String Functions The string functions are part of a standard library in ANSI C, and it is recommended to add the following comment at the beginning of your program: /* #include  */  strcat()  PURPOSE: Appends a source string after the destination string. FORMAT: char *strcat(dest, source) char *dest, *source; PARAMETERS:  1. Destination string. 2. Source string. EXPLANATION: 1. The source string stays untouched. 2. The destination string is modified by concatenation of the source string after it. Note that no control is made on the memory available for the resulting string. Using strcat() without enough memory booked for the result string may result in an overflow. 3. The returned value is the destination string, and is therefore equal to the first parameter.  strchr()  PURPOSE: Searches for a character in a string. FORMAT: char *strchr(string, c) char *string; int c; PARAMETERS: 1. string. 2. c is a character. EXPLANATION: 1. The string stays untouched. 2. The returned value is a pointer to the first position of the character c in the string. 3. If the character cannot be found, the function returns the NULL pointer.  strcmp()  PURPOSE: Compares two strings. FORMAT: int strcmp(string1, string2) char *string1, *string2; PARAMETERS: 2 strings EXPLANATION: 1. The parameter strings stays untouched. 2. Returned value is zero when the two strings are identical 3. Retuned value is negative when the first differing character of string1 is smaller than its counterpart character in string2. 4. Retuned value is positive when the first differing character of string1 is bigger than its counterpart character in string2.   
						

							  124  strcpy()  PURPOSE: Copies the source string into the destination string. FORMAT: char *strcpy(dest, source) char *dest, *source; PARAMETERS:  1. Destination string. 2. Source string. EXPLANATION: 1. The source string stays untouched. 2. The content of the source string is copied to the memory pointed by the destination string parameter. Note that no control is made on the memory available for the destination string. Using strcpy() without enough memory booked for the destination string may result in an overflow. 3. The returned value is the destination string, and is therefore equal to the first parameter.  strlen()  PURPOSE: Returns the length of a string. FORMAT: int strlen(string) char *string; PARAMETERS: string EXPLANATION: 1. The string stays untouched. 2. The returned value is the number of characters in the string. The NULL character at the end of the string is not included.   
						

							  125  6.3.3 Graphical Functions  clrscr()  PURPOSE: Clears display and moves cursor to upper left of screen FORMAT: void clrscr() ;   getpixel()  PURPOSE: Returns the status of a pixel FORMAT: int getpixel(x, y) unsigned int x, y; PARAMETERS: (x, y) is a graphic coordinate. 1. x should be in the [0, 191] range. 2. y should be in the [0, 63] range. EXPLANATION: Value returned is 1 if the pixel is active (black), 0 if the pixel is inactive.  line()  PURPOSE: Draws a line segment between two graphic coordinates. FORMAT: void line(x1, y1, x2, y2)  unsigned int x1, y1, x2, y2 ; PARAMETERS: 1. (x1, y1) are the coordinates of the first graphic coordinate. 2. (x2, y2) are the coordinates of the second graphic coordinate. 3. x1 and x2 should be in the [0, 191] range. 4. y1 and y2 should be in the [0, 63] range. SEE: linec()  linec()  PURPOSE: Erases a line segment between two graphic coordinates. FORMAT: void linec(x1, y1, x2, y2)  unsigned int x1, y1, x2, y2 ; PARAMETERS: 1. (x1, y1) are the coordinates of the first graphic coordinate. 2. (x2, y2) are the coordinates of the second graphic coordinate. 3. x1 and x2 should be in the [0, 191] range. 4. y1 and y2 should be in the [0, 63] range. SEE: line()  (0, 0) →x (191, 0)  Actual screen  (0, 31) (191,31)  ↓ y  Virtual screen    (0, 63) (191, 63)  
						

							  126  6.4 C Commands Index  abort 112 if 113 abs 118 inp  acos, asin, atan 118 inport  acosh, asinh, atanh 118 int  angle 118 line 125 auto  linec 125 beep  log, log10 120 break 115 long  breakpt 112 main  call  malloc  calloc  out  case 116 outport  char  pow 121 clearerr  printf  clrscr 125 putc  const  putchar  continue 115 puts  cos 119 register  cosh 120 return  default 116 scanf  do 114 short  double  signed  else 113 sin 121 enum  sinh 121 exit 112 sizeof  exp 120 sprintf  extern  sqrt 121 fflush  sscanf  fgetc  static  fgets  strcat 123 float  strchr 123 for 115 strcmp 123 fprintf  strcpy 124 fputc  strlen 124 fputs  struct  free  switch 116 fscanf  tan 122 getc  tanh 122 getch  typedef  getchar  union  getpixel 125 unsigned  gets  void  goto 117 volatile  gotoxy  while 114