Apple Final Cut Pro X 10.1.2 User Guide

							 Glossary 4 81
Color Board  The Color Board allows you to manually adjust a clip’s color properties. It contains 
separate panes for adding or subtracting a color tint, controlling the intensity of the color, and 
controlling the brightness of the video. In addition to an overall control, each pane has individual 
controls for the highlight, midtone, and shadow areas of the image.
color cast
  An unwanted color tint in the image, usually caused by lighting issues.
color correction  A process in which the color of clips used in an edited program is evened out 
so that all shots in a given scene match. Color correction is generally one of the last steps in 
finishing an edited program. The color correction tools in Final Cut Pro give you precise control 
over the look of every clip in your project by allowing you to adjust the color balance, black 
levels, midtones, and white levels of individual clips.
color difference
  In video formats that store color information in the Y’CbCr color space, color 
channels are derived by subtracting Y (luma) from the R (red) and B (blue) signals and are 
sometimes referred to generally as B-Y and R-Y. See also Y’CbCr.
compositing
  A process in which two or more images are combined into a single frame. This 
term can also describe the process of creating various video effects.
compound clip
  You can use compound clips to group any combination of clips in the Timeline 
or the Browser, and nest clips within other clips. You can open any compound clip, edit its 
contents in the Timeline, and then close it. Compound clips can contain video and audio clip 
components, clips, and other compound clips. Effectively, each compound clip can be considered 
a mini project, with its own distinct project settings. Compound clips function just like other 
clips: you can add them to your project, trim them, retime them, and add effects and transitions.
compression
  The process by which video, graphics, and audio files are reduced in size. “Lossy” 
compression refers to a process of reducing video file sizes through the removal of redundant 
or less noticeable image data. Lossless compression reduces file sizes by mathematically 
consolidating redundant image data without discarding it.
connected clip
  Connected clips are attached to clips in the primary storyline in the Timeline. 
They are useful for cutaway shots, superimposed or composited images, and sound effects. 
Connected clips remain attached and synchronized until you explicitly move or remove them. A 
sequence of connected clips is a storyline.
contrast
  The difference between the lightest and darkest values in an image. High-contrast 
images have a large range of values from the darkest shadow to the lightest highlight. Low-
contrast images have a more narrow range of values, resulting in a “flatter” look.
corner point
  A point with no curves applied in a Bezier path. Adjacent line segments are linear.
cross dissolve  A common type of video transition, in which the first shot fades out while the 
second shot simultaneously fades in. During the cross dissolve, the two shots are superimposed 
as they fade.
crossfade
  A common type of audio transition, in which the first shot’s audio fades down while 
the second shot’s audio simultaneously fades up. During the crossfade, audio from both shots 
is heard.
cut
  An edit in which one clip immediately follows another, with no transition effect. This is the 
simplest type of edit.
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cutaway shot  A shot that is related to the current subject and occurs in the same time frame 
(for example, an interviewer’s reaction to what is being said in an interview). Often, a cutaway 
shot is used to eliminate an unwanted visual section of another shot. The audio usually remains 
continuous during the cutaway, helping to make the edit less noticeable.
Dashboard
  The Dashboard appears in the center of the toolbar and provides a timecode display 
as well as icons showing audio levels and the status of background tasks.
data rate
  The speed at which data can be transferred, often described in megabytes per second 
(MB/sec.) or megabits per second (Mbps). The higher a video file’s data rate, the higher quality it 
is, but the more system resources (processor speed, hard disk space, and performance) it requires. 
Some codecs allow you to specify a maximum data rate for a movie during capture.
decibel (dB)
  Unit of measurement for sound levels; a logarithmic scale used to describe the 
loudness of sound as perceived by the human ear. (1 dB corresponds to approximately the 
smallest volume change that the average human ear can perceive.) For digital audio, dBFS is the 
standard decibel unit of sound level measurement.
destination
  A set of preconfigured export settings that you can use to share a project or clip 
from Final Cut Pro. Destinations make it easy to export your movie for viewing on Apple devices 
such as iPad and iPhone, publish your movie to websites such as YouTube or Facebook, or burn 
your movie to a disc. Final Cut Pro comes with a variety of destinations, and you can also modify 
destinations and create new destinations. You add and modify destinations in the Destinations 
pane of Final Cut Pro preferences.
Disk Utility  Disk Utility is an Apple application that performs disk-related tasks in OS X. It’s 
located in the Utilities folder inside the Applications folder.
downmixing
  The process used to combine multiple audio channels into a single stereo (or dual 
mono) pair. Also referred to as mixing down.
downstream
  Refers to clips to the right of the current clip in the Timeline. When you perform 
actions that ripple the project, downstream clips are affected; upstream clips are not.
drop frame timecode
  NTSC timecode that skips ahead in time by two frame numbers each 
minute, except every tenth minute, so that the timecode agrees with the actual elapsed clock 
time. ( Timecode numbers are skipped, but actual video frames are not skipped.) This skipping 
corrects for NTSC’s actual frame rate of 29.97 fps, which causes non-drop frame timecode to lag 
behind actual elapsed time by 3 seconds and 18 frames per hour. To avoid confusion, drop frame 
timecode should be avoided in film-based productions. See also non-drop frame timecode.
drop shadow
  An effect that creates an artificial shadow behind an image. Typically used with 
graphics and text.
DV
  A standard-definition (SD) digital videotape recorder format that records an 8-bit, 5:1 
compressed component video signal with 4:1:1 color sampling (PAL uses 4:2:0). Supports two 
tracks of audio with 16-bit, 48 kHz audio sampling, or four tracks of audio with 12-bit, 32 kHz 
audio sampling.
DVCAM
  A standard-definition (SD) digital videotape recorder format that records an 8-bit, 5:1 
compressed component video signal with 4:1:1 color sampling (PAL uses 4:2:0). Supports two 
tracks of audio with 16-bit, 48 kHz audio sampling, or four tracks of audio with 12-bit, 32 kHz 
audio sampling.
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DVCPRO  A standard-definition (SD) digital videotape recorder format that records an 8-bit, 5:1 
compressed component video signal using 4:1:1 color sampling (PAL uses 4:2:0). Supports two 
tracks of audio with 16-bit, 48 kHz audio sampling.
DVCPRO50
  A standard-definition (SD) digital videotape recorder format that records an 8-bit, 
3.3:1 compressed component video signal with 4:2:2 color sampling. Supports four tracks of 
audio with 16-bit, 48 kHz audio sampling.
DVCPRO HD
  A high-definition (HD) video format that records an 8-bit, compressed component 
video signal with 4:2:2 color sampling. Both 720p and 1080i are supported. Includes up to eight 
tracks of audio with 16-bit, 48 kHz audio sampling. The total data rate is 115 Mbps.
DVD
  A disc that is the size of a CD but that uses higher-density storage methods to significantly 
increase its capacity. Although usually used for video distribution, DVD-ROM discs can also be 
used to store computer data.
dynamic range
  The difference, in decibels, between the loudest and softest parts of a recording.
ease in   An effect in which an object in motion decelerates slowly until it comes to a stop, rather 
than ending its movement abruptly. This simulates the effect of friction in the real world and 
generally creates a more natural, organic-looking effect than a linear movement would.
ease out
  An effect in which an object in motion accelerates from its starting position slowly 
rather than beginning its movement at full speed. This simulates the effect of inertia and friction 
in the real world and generally creates a more natural, organic-looking effect than a linear 
movement would.
editing tools
  The seven tools from which you can choose when you’re working in the Timeline: 
Select tool, Trim tool, Position tool, Range Selection tool, Blade tool, Zoom tool, and Hand tool. 
When you choose a tool, the pointer changes to the icon for that tool.
edit point
  Edit points define the part of a clip you want to use in an edited project. Edit points 
include start points, which specify the beginning of a section of a clip or project, and end points, 
which specify the end of a section of a clip or project. An edit point is also a point in the Timeline 
where the end point of one clip meets the start point of the next clip. This edit point can be 
selected for various operations.
Effects Browser
  A media browser in Final Cut Pro that contains video and audio clip effects.
equalization  An equalizer (commonly abbreviated as EQ) shapes the sound of incoming audio 
by changing the level of specific frequency bands. Equalization is one of the most commonly 
used audio processes, both for music projects and in video post-production work. You can use 
EQ to subtly or significantly shape the sound of an audio file, instrument, or project by adjusting 
specific frequencies or frequency ranges.
event
 When you import video, audio, and still images, or record directly into Final Cut Pro, the 
source media files (your raw footage) are stored in events. An event is similar to a folder that can 
hold dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of video clips, audio clips, and still images, as well as 
projects. Each event in the library refers to media on your hard disk, and a database file keeps 
track of where everything is.
Event Viewer
  The Event Viewer is a separate video display that appears next to the main Viewer 
and is used to play clips in the Browser only.
exposure
  The amount of light in video or film images. Exposure affects the overall brightness of 
the image as well as its perceived contrast.
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fade  A common type of transition in both video and audio. For video, a fade-out begins with 
a shot at full intensity and reduces until it is gone. A fade-in begins with a shot at no intensity 
and increases to full intensity. These are the common “fade to black” and “fade up (from black)” 
transitions. Audio fade-ins begin with silence and increase to full volume, and fade-outs begin at 
full volume and decrease to silence.
filmstrip
  Your video clips appear as filmstrips in the Timeline (where you build projects) and 
in the Browser (where your source media is displayed). A single video filmstrip might represent 
several seconds of video encompassing hundreds of video frames (individual images). Audio-
only clips appear as audio waveforms, showing the change in the audio volume over time.
FireWire
  The trademarked Apple name for the IEEE 1394 standard. A fast and versatile interface 
used to connect DV camcorders to computers. FireWire is well suited to applications that move 
large amounts of data, and it can also be used to connect hard disks, scanners, and other kinds of 
computer peripherals.
Foley effects
  Foley effects are custom sound effects that are heavily synchronized to picture, 
such as footsteps on different surfaces, clothes rustling, fight sounds, and the handling of various 
noisy objects. Final Cut Pro includes a number of built-in Foley and other sound effects that you 
can insert as connected audio clips.
frame
  A single still image. Film and video are made up of a series of these images. Although a 
film frame is a single photographic image, an interlaced video frame contains two fields. See also 
interlaced video, non-interlaced video.
frame blending
  Duplicating frames to create slow motion can result in a strobing, jittery effect. 
To minimize this, you can turn on Frame Blending in the Retime pop-up menu in the toolbar. 
Frame blending creates new in-between frames, each a composite of two neighboring frames.
frame rate
  The number of images photographed per second for a video clip.
frame size  See resolution.
frequency
  The number of times a sound or signal vibrates each second, measured in cycles per 
second, or hertz (Hz). Audio recordings are made up of a vast collection of waveforms, using 
many different frequencies of sound. Each frequency in a recording is associated with an audio 
pitch. For example, the note generated by each key of a piano has a specific frequency.
Front Row
  Front Row, an application that comes with OS X, is a way to navigate through your 
iTunes, iLife, and Final Cut Pro media using an Apple remote control or the Remote app. You can 
also open Front Row by pressing Command-Escape.
gain
  The amount an audio or video signal is boosted. In video, this increases the white level; in 
audio, this increases the volume. 
gamma
  A curve that describes the intensity of an image. Gamma is a nonlinear function often 
confused with brightness or contrast. Gamma adjustment is often used to compensate for 
differences between Mac and Windows video graphics cards and displays.
gap clip
  A blank clip (containing blank video and silent audio) that you can adjust to any 
duration. ( The film industry term for this is slug.) Gap clip color is determined by the current 
background color in Final Cut Pro. You can adjust the background color using the Player 
Background pop-up menu in the Playback pane of the Final Cut Pro Preferences window.
generators  Clips that are synthesized by Final Cut Pro. Generators can be used as different kinds 
of backgrounds, titles, and elements for visual design.
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Generators Browser  A media browser in Final Cut Pro that provides access to all video 
generators included with Final Cut Pro.
Hand tool  The editing tool that allows you to scroll in the Timeline. You can select the Hand tool 
by pressing the H key.
H.264
  H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC (Advanced Video Coding) is a video compression standard 
in widespread use for recording, distribution, and Internet streaming of high-definition video.
HDCAM
  A high-definition (HD) digital videotape recorder format that records an 8-bit, 7.1:1 DCT-
compressed component video signal with 3:1:1 color sampling. Recorded using 1/2-inch tape. 
Supports four tracks of audio.
HDV
  A format for recording high-definition video on DV tape. HDV uses MPEG-2 video 
compression with 8-bit samples and 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. HDV has a video bit rate of 18.3 
Mbps for 720p (1280 x 720) and a bit rate of 25 Mbps for 1080i (1440 x 1080).
high-definition (HD)
  Refers to any video with a higher resolution than standard-definition NTSC 
or PAL video. The most common high-definition resolutions are 1280 x 720 (720p) and 1920 x 
1080 (1080i or 1080p). See also NTSC format, PAL format, standard-definition (SD).
Histogram
  A video scope in Final Cut Pro that provides a statistical analysis of the image by 
graphing the number of pixels at each percentage of luma or color. It’s useful for comparing two 
clips in order to match their brightness values more closely.
hue
  An attribute of color perception, also known as color phase. Red, blue, yellow, and green are 
all hues.
import
  The process of bringing media files of various types into events in Final C ut P ro. You can 
import files from connected camcorders and other devices, other applications, or connected 
storage devices.
IMX
  A standard-definition (SD), all-I-frame MPEG-2 format stored on tape, XDCAM optical disc, or 
disk drive. Some IMX decks can play back and convert formats such as Digital Betacam, Betacam 
SX, and Betacam SP to IMX. The data rate of IMX can be set to 30, 40, or 50 Mbps.
incoming clip
  The clip to which a transition segues. For example, if Clip A dissolves to Clip B, Clip 
B is the incoming clip. See also outgoing clip.
Info inspector
  The Info inspector displays information (called metadata) about a clip or group 
of clips selected in either the Browser or the Timeline. You can display different combinations 
of metadata with your clips, such as codecs, media start and end times, reel, scene, take, EXIF 
information, and IPTC information. You can also use the Info inspector to change the metadata 
for a selected clip or group of clips, and you can create custom sets of metadata for display using 
the Metadata Views window, accessed from the Info inspector.
In point
  See edit point.
insert edit
  An insert edit places the source clip so that all clips after the insertion point are 
moved forward (or rippled) in the Timeline to make room for the clip being added. No clips 
are removed from your project. An insert edit makes the project longer by the duration of the 
inserted clip.
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inspectors  Final Cut Pro provides a number of inspectors you can use to view and change the 
attributes of selected items. For example, you can adjust video effects and apply color corrections 
in the Video inspector. Other inspectors include the Audio, Audio Enhancements, Info, Transition, 
Title, Text, Generator, Library Properties, and Share inspectors. The inspectors appear in the 
Inspector pane in the upper-right corner of the Final Cut Pro main window.
interlaced video  A scanning method that divides a video frame into two fields, each consisting 
of alternating odd and even lines that are scanned at different times.
IRE
  An analog video signal unit of measurement for luma, established by the Institute of 
Radio Engineers.
J-cut
  See split edit.
job
  Each media file added to a batch in Compressor is a job. Each job has one media file and 
one or more settings that define the type of file to render. See also batch.
JPEG
  A popular image file format that lets you create highly compressed graphics files. The 
amount of compression used can be varied. Less compression results in a higher-quality image.
keyframe
  A control that denotes the value of a video or audio effect parameter at a particular 
point in the project. When two keyframes with different values are set in Final Cut Pro, a 
transition from one value to another is calculated, resulting in a dynamic change to that 
parameter. The word  keyframe comes from the traditional workflow in the animation industry, 
where only important (key) frames of an animated sequence were drawn to sketch a character’s 
motion over time. Once the keyframes were determined, an in-between artist drew all the frames 
between the keyframes.
keying
  See chroma key, luma key.
Keyword Collection
  When you apply a keyword to a clip, a Keyword Collection is automatically 
created in the event in the library. When you select the Keyword Collection, each clip tagged 
with that keyword is displayed.
keywords
  Keywords add descriptive information to a clip or clip range. You can use keywords to 
organize, sort, and classify media. You can add keywords to a clip manually, and Final Cut Pro can 
also add keywords automatically during import or clip analysis. See also Keyword Collection.
L-cut
  See split edit.
Libraries list
  The area of the Final Cut Pro sidebar that lists the libraries and events that contain 
your imported media (video, audio, and still images) and your projects. When you select an event 
or a library in the Libraries list, its media appears as clips in the Browser, and its projects appear 
as thumbnails. The Libraries list is also the home for Final Cut Pro Keyword Collections and Smart 
Collections, which provide a powerful way to organize your media using keywords and persistent 
search filters.
linear editing
  Before digital video editing, programs were edited together by copying shots 
from the original source tapes to a master tape, one by one. Because the assembly was linear, any 
changes in duration made to an earlier point of the tape required reassembling the movie from 
that point forward. See also nonlinear editing.
looping
  A playback mode in which clips and projects go back to the beginning whenever the 
playhead reaches the end of the media. You can turn looping on or off from the View menu or by 
pressing Command-L.
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lower third  A television industry term for a graphic placed in the lower area of the screen, 
usually to convey details about subjects or products. A common use of lower thirds is to identify 
individuals on the screen with their names and job titles.
luma
  A value describing the brightness of a video image. A luma channel is a grayscale image 
showing the range of brightness across the whole clip.
luma key
  An effect used to key out pixels of a certain luma value (or a range of luma values), 
creating a matte based on the brightest or darkest area of an image. Keying out luma values 
works best when your clip has a large discrepancy in exposure between the areas that you want 
to key out and the foreground images you want to preserve, such as a white title on a black 
background. See also chroma key, matte.
Mail
  Mail is the email application that comes with OS X.
markers  Markers flag a specific location in a clip with editing notes or other descriptive 
information. You can also use markers for task management. Markers are classified as standard 
markers (blue), chapter markers (orange), to-do items (red), or completed to-do items (green).
mask
  An image or clip used to define areas of transparency in another clip. Similar to an alpha 
channel. The color correction tools can create masks based on a color you choose or a shape you 
create. See also alpha channel.
matte
  Sometimes referred to as a holdout matte. An effect that uses information in one layer of 
video to affect another layer. Mattes are useful when you want to use one clip to selectively hide 
or reveal part of another; for example, you could use a round spotlight shape to reveal parts of 
a video layer. Matte effects can be used by themselves to mask out areas of a clip or to create 
alpha channel information for a clip in order to make a transparent border around the clip that 
can be composited against other layers. See also alpha channel, compositing.
media
  A generic term for elements such as movies, sounds, and pictures.
media browsers  Media that you import into events in Final Cut Pro is accessed from the 
Libraries list and the Browser, but Final Cut Pro also includes a collection of media browsers you 
can use to add clips to your project. The media browsers provide access to the effects, titles, and 
transitions supplied with Final Cut Pro as well as to video, audio, and still-image files in other 
applications on your computer. For example, you can use the Photos Browser to access video and 
still-image files in the iPhoto and Aperture libraries. Other media browsers include the Effects, 
Music and Sound, Transitions, Titles, Generators, and Themes Browsers. The media browsers 
appear in the Media Browser pane in the lower-right corner of the Final Cut Pro main window.
media handle  Additional media available before a clip start point or after a clip end point.
media stems  Audio or video files that are usually exported separately for audio mixing or post-
production, or to match specifications when delivering files to broadcast networks. For example, 
you may need to deliver a multitrack QuickTime file along with separate dialogue, music, and 
effects stems.
mixing
  The process of adjusting the audio levels of all audio clips in an edited program, 
including the production audio, music, sound effects, voiceovers, and additional background 
ambience, to turn all of these sounds into a harmonious whole.
monochrome
  An image presented in shades of a single color, most often as the shades of gray 
in a black-and-white image.
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MP3  Refers to the MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer 3 compression standard and file format. Like 
AAC, MP3 uses perceptual audio coding and psychoacoustic compression to remove superfluous 
information that the human ear doesn’t hear.
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
  A group of compression standards for video and audio, 
which includes MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4.
multicam clip  A set of clips grouped together and synchronized by a common sync point. You 
can use multicam clips to edit footage from multicamera shoots or other synchronized footage 
in real time. While the active angle plays in the Viewer, you can also view all angles playing 
simultaneously in the Angle Viewer and easily cut and switch between them.
Music and Sound Browser
  A media browser in Final Cut Pro that allows you to access your 
iTunes content as well as sound effects and loops from Final Cut Pro and iLife.
nested sequence  See compound clip.
NLE
  Short for nonlinear editor. See also nonlinear editing.
nondestructive editing
  No matter how you edit clips in Final Cut Pro, the underlying media is 
never touched. This is known as nondestructive editing, because all of the changes and effects you 
apply to your footage never affect the original source media files. Clips represent your media, 
but they are not the media files themselves. The clips in a project simply point to (link to) the 
source media files on your hard disk. When you modify a clip, you are not modifying the media 
file, just the clip’s information in the project. Trimmed or deleted pieces of clips are removed from 
your project only, not from the source clips in your library or from the source media files on your 
hard disk.
non-drop frame timecode
  Timecode in which frames are numbered sequentially and no 
timecode numbers are dropped from the count. When discussing NTSC video, the video frame 
rate is actually 29.97 fps, and non-drop frame timecode is off by 3 seconds and 18 frames per 
hour in comparison to actual elapsed time. See also drop frame timecode.
non-interlaced video
  The standard representation of images on a computer. Also referred to as 
progressive scan. The monitor displays the image by drawing lines, one after another, from top 
to bottom.
nonlinear editing
  A video editing method in which edits within a program can be changed 
at any time without having to re-create the entire program. When you use a nonlinear editing 
application to edit a program, all footage used is stored on a hard disk rather than on tape. This 
allows random access to all video, audio, and images as you edit. See also linear editing.
NTSC format
  The video standard defined by the National Television Standards Committee, the 
organization that originally defined North American broadcast standards. Analog NTSC video has 
525 interlaced lines per frame, a frame rate of 29.97 fps, and a limited color gamut. Digital NTSC 
video has a frame size of 720 x 486 pixels (720 x 480 for DV and DVD), and a frame rate of 29.97 
fps. See also PAL format.
offline editing
  A post-production process in which raw footage is copied and edited without 
affecting the original camera media (film, tape, or file-based media). After a program has been 
completed in the offline edit (typically using proxy media at a lower resolution), an online edit is 
performed to re-create the edit using the original media.
opacity
  The level of a clip’s transparency.
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outgoing clip  The clip a transition segues from. For example, if Clip A dissolves to Clip B, Clip A is 
the outgoing clip. See also incoming clip.
Out point
  See edit point.
overwrite edit
  In an overwrite edit, one or more source clips overwrite any clips in the primary 
storyline or a selected storyline, starting at a range selection start point or at the skimmer or 
playhead position. No clip items are rippled forward, so the duration of your project remains the 
same. Overwriting is purely duration-based and works on range selections only, irrespective of 
clip boundaries.
PAL format
  Acronym for Phase Alternating Line, a 25 fps (625 lines per frame) interlaced video 
format used by many European countries. Digital PAL video has a frame size of 720 x 576. See 
also NTSC format.
Photos Browser
  A media browser in Final Cut Pro that allows you to access your iPhoto and 
Aperture photo libraries.
pitch
  Sounds are perceived as high or low depending on their frequency, or the number of 
times per second a sound wave cycles from positive to negative and back to positive. The word 
that musicians most commonly use for frequency is pitch. The higher the frequency, the higher 
the pitch. Modifying the speed of a clip affects the pitch of the audio. Slow motion creates low 
pitch, and fast motion creates high pitch.
pixel
  One dot in a video or still image. The more pixels in an image, the higher the resolution.
playhead  The playhead marks your project’s current position in the Timeline or the Browser. You 
can move the playhead by dragging it or clicking another area of the Timeline or Browser. You 
use the playhead to scrub, or move through your project and play it back from different locations. 
The playhead appears as a gray vertical line that is fixed in place unless you move it or click 
elsewhere. See also skimmer.
Position tool
  The editing tool that allows you to place items in the Timeline. You can select the 
Position tool by pressing the P key.
post-production
  The phase of film or video editing in which all of the production elements are 
organized, assembled, and output.
project
  A project provides a record of your editing decisions and the media you use. You build 
your project by adding clips and editing them in the Timeline. A project is also defined by 
its video, audio, and render properties. In most cases, Final Cut Pro manages project settings 
automatically based on the properties of the first clip you add to a project.
project properties
  A project’s video, audio, and render properties. In most cases, Final Cut Pro 
manages a project’s properties automatically based on the properties of the first clip you add to 
a project. If you must modify the project properties, choose video and audio project properties 
based on how you intend to share your final movie with your audience. You set a project’s 
properties when you create a Final Cut Pro project, and you can change them at any time.
proxy files  You can use Final C ut P ro to transcode your original media to create proxy files, 
which are smaller files with a lower data rate. Proxy files can be used for offline editing or for 
editing when using a slower computer. Final Cut Pro creates video proxy files using the Apple 
ProRes 422 Proxy codec, and still-image proxy files using the JPEG format (if the original file 
doesn’t have alpha channel information) or the PNG format (if the file has alpha channel 
information). See also alpha channel.
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QuickTime  Cross-platform multimedia technology from Apple. Widely used for production, post-
production, and distribution of video, audio, and interactive programs.
range
  Instead of selecting whole clips, you can select a range within any clip in the Timeline or 
the Browser. You can trim range selections, mark them with ratings and keywords, and modify 
them in other ways. You can adjust the range start and end points by dragging either side of the 
selection. In the Timeline, you can also select a range that spans multiple clips. In the B rowser, 
you can set multiple ranges within one or more clips, and you can select and deselect ranges 
after you set them.
Range Selection tool
  The editing tool that allows you to select a range in the Timeline. You can 
select the Range Selection tool by pressing the R key.
Rec. 709
  Short for ITU-R Recommendation BT.709, the standard broadcast format for 
high-definition television.
red laser media
  Traditional DVD burners and players use a red laser when working with DVD 
media. Blu-ray burners and players use a blue laser when working with Blu-ray media. The blue 
color has a shorter wavelength, making it possible to store more data on a disc when compared 
to red lasers.
render
  To process video and audio with any applied effects or transitions, and store the result on 
disk as a render file. These render files are stored with your Final Cut Pro event and project files. 
When you publish or export a project, it is similarly rendered to create the output files.
replace edit
  In a replace edit, a source selection replaces a clip in your project in the Timeline. 
In contrast to overwrite edits, replacing works on whole Timeline clips only and can change the 
duration of your project.
resolution
  Image resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image. Resolution is expressed 
in terms of the width and height of the image in pixels (for example, 640 x 360 pixels). Higher-
resolution images contain more detail but also create larger files that take longer to download. 
Your electronic devices (computer, iPhone, iPad, iPod, and so on) also have screen resolution. 
Ideally, you should match the image resolution of your media to the resolution of your 
playback device.
reverb
  Reverberation, or reverb, refers to the reflection pattern created by bouncing sound 
waves off the surfaces—walls, ceilings, windows, and so on—of any space, or off objects within 
a space, gradually dying out until they are inaudible. Final Cut Pro includes a variety of audio 
effects that add reverb to the sound of a clip.
RGB
  Abbreviation for Red, Green, Blue. A color space commonly used on computers, in which 
each color is described by the strength of its red, green, and blue components. This color space 
directly translates to the red, green, and blue phosphors used in computer displays. The RGB 
color space has a very large gamut, meaning it can reproduce a very wide range of colors. This 
range is typically larger than the range that can be reproduced for broadcast.
ripple edit
  The default type of trim in Final C ut P ro is a ripple trim, which adjusts a clip’s start 
point or end point without leaving a gap in the Timeline. The change in the clip’s duration ripples 
outward, moving all subsequent clips earlier or later in the Timeline. Similarly, if you delete a 
clip from the Timeline, subsequent clips ripple earlier to close the gap. Ripple edits affect the 
trimmed clip, the position of all subsequent clips in the Timeline, and the total duration of 
your project.
67% resize factor