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Appendix C      ROM Monitor   Command Descriptions
Command Descriptions
Ta b l e C-1 describes the most commonly used ROM monitor commands.
Ta b l e C-1 Commonly Used ROM Monitor Commands 
CommandDescription
help  or ?Displays a summary of all available ROM monitor commands.
-?Displays information about command syntax; for example:
rommon 16 >  dis -?
usage : dis [addr] [length]
The output for this command is slightly different for the  xmodem download 
command:
rommon 11 >  xmodem -?
xmodem: illegal option -- ?
usage: xmodem [-cyrxu] -c  CRC-16
-y  ymodem-batch protocol
-r  copy image to dram for launch
-x  do not launch on download completion-u  upgrade ROMMON, System will reboot after upgrade
reset or iResets and initializes the r outer, similar to a power up.
dir device :Lists the files on the named device;  for example, flash memory files:
rommon 4 > dir flash:
Directory of flash:/
2 -rwx 10283208  c1800-advsecurityk9-mz9064448 bytes available (10289152 bytes used)
boot commandsFor more information about the ROM monitor boot commands, see the  Cisco IOS 
Configuration Fundamentals and Network Management Guide.
bBoots the first image in flash memory.
b flash:  [ filename ]Attempts to boot the image directly from  the first partition of flash memory. If you 
do not enter a filename, this command will  boot this first image in flash memory.
Disaster Recovery with TFTP Download
The standard way to load new software on your router is to use the  copy tftp flash privileged EXEC 
command from the Cisco
 IOS software command-line interface (CLI). However, if the router is unable 
to boot Cisco
 IOS software, you can load new soft ware while in ROM monitor mode.
This section describes how to load a Cisco IOS software image from a remote TFTP server to the router 
flash memory. Use the  tftpdnld command only for disaster recovery,  because it erases all existing data 
in flash memory before downloading  a new software image to the router.
TFTP Download Command Variables
This section describes the system variables that can be set in ROM monitor mode and that are used 
during the TFTP download proce ss. There are both required variables and optional variables.  
						

							
 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor
  Disaster Recovery with TFTP Download
NoteThe commands described in this section are case  sensitive and must be entered exactly as shown.
Required Variables
These variables must be set with these commands before you use the  tftpdnld command:
VariableCommand
IP address of the router.IP_ADDRESS=  ip_address
Subnet mask of the router.IP_SUBNET_MASK=  
ip_address
IP address of the default gateway of the 
router.DEFAULT_GATEWAY=  
ip_address
Port number of the Fast Ethernet port used to 
connect to the network.FE_PORT= fe_port_number
IP address of the TFTP server from which the 
software will be downloaded.TFTP_SERVER=  ip_address
Name of the file that will be downloaded to 
the router.TFTP_FILE=  filename
Optional Variables
These variables can be set with  these commands before you use the  tftpdnld command:
VariableCommand
Configures how the router displays file 
download progress.
0—No progress is displayed.
1—Exclamation points (!!!) are displayed to 
indicate file download progress. This is the 
default setting.
2—Detailed progress is displayed during the 
file download process; for example:
 Initializing interface.
 Interface link state up.
 ARPing for 1.4.0.1
 ARP reply for 1.4.0.1 received.  MAC 
address 00:00:0c:07:ac:01
TFTP_VERBOSE=  setting 
						

							 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor
  Disaster Recovery with TFTP Download
Using the TFTP Download Command
Perform these steps in ROM monitor mode to download a file through TFTP.
Step 1Use the appropriate commands to enter all the required variables and any optional variables described in 
preceding sections.
Step 2Enter the tftpdnld command as follows:
rommon 1 > tftpdnld -r 
NoteThe -r variable is optional. Entering this variable downloads and boots the new software but does 
not save the software to flash memory. You can then use the image that is in flash memory the 
next time you enter the reload command.
You will see output similar to the following:
IP_ADDRESS: 10.3.6.7
IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.0.0
DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 10.3.0.1TFTP_SERVER: 223.255.254.254
TFTP_FILE: c1800-advsecurityk9-mz
Do you wish to continue? y/n:  [n]:
Step 3If you are sure that you want to continue, enter y in response to the question in the output:
Do you wish to continue? y/n:  [n]:y
The router begins to download the new file.
If you mistakenly entered yes, you can enter Ctrl-C or Break to stop the transfer before the flash 
memory is erased.
Number of times the router attempts ARP and 
TFTP download. The default is 7. TFTP_RETRY_COUNT= 
retry_times
Length of time, in seconds, before the download 
process times out. The default is 
 
2,400 seconds (40 minutes).
TFTP_TIMEOUT= time
Whether or not the router performs a checksum 
test on the downloaded image:
1—Checksum test is performed.
0—No checksum test is performed.
TFTP_CHECKSUM=setting 
						

							 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor
  Configuration Register
Configuration Register
The virtual configuration register is in nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) and has the same functionality as 
other Cisco routers. You can view or modify the virtual configuration register from either the ROM 
monitor or the operating system software. Within the ROM monitor, you can change the configuration 
register by entering the register value in hexadecimal format, or by allowing the ROM monitor to prompt 
you for the setting of each bit.
Changing the Configuration Register Manually
To change the virtual configuration register from the ROM monitor manually, enter the confreg 
command, followed by the new value of the register in hexadecimal format, as shown in the following 
example:
rommon 1 > confreg 0x2101
You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effectrommon 2 >
The value is always interpreted as hexadecimal. The new virtual configuration register value is written 
into NVRAM but does not take effect until you reset or reboot the router.
Changing the Configuration Register Using Prompts
Entering the confreg command without an argument displays the contents of the virtual configuration 
register and a prompt to alter the contents by describing the meaning of each bit. 
In either case, the new virtual configuration register value is written into NVRAM but does not take 
effect until you reset or reboot the router.
The following display shows an example of entering the confreg command:
rommon 7> confreg
      Configuration Summary
enabled are:
console baud: 9600boot: the ROM Monitor
 
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n  [n]:  yenable  “diagnostic mode”? y/n  [n]:  y
enable  “use net in IP bcast address”? y/n  [n]:  
enable  “load rom after netboot fails”? y/n  [n]:  enable  “use all zero broadcast”? y/n  [n]:  
enable  “break/abort has effect”? y/n  [n]:  
enable  “ignore system config info”? y/n  [n]:  change console baud rate? y/n  [n]:  y
enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400  [0]:  0
change the boot characteristics? y/n  [n]:  yenter to boot:
 0 = ROM Monitor
 1 = the boot helper image 2-15 = boot system
    [0]:  0
 Configuration Summary 
						

							
 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor   Console Download
enabled are:diagnostic mode
console baud: 9600
boot: the ROM Monitor 
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n  [n]:  
  
You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
Console Download
You can use console download, a ROM monitor function, to download either a software image or a 
configuration file over the router  console port. After download, the file is either saved to the 
CompactFlash memory module or to main memory for execution (image files only).
Use console download when you do  not have access to a TFTP server.
NoteIf you are using a PC to download a Cisco IOS image over the router console port at 115,200 bps, ensure 
that the PC serial port is using a 16550
 universal asynchronous transmitter/receiver (UART). If the PC 
serial port is not using a 16550
 UART, we recommend using a speed of 38,400 bps or less when 
downloading a Cisco IOS image over the console port.
Command Description
The following are the syntax and descriptions for the  xmodem console download command:
xmodem [-cyrx]  destination_file_name
cOptional. Performs the download using 16-b it cyclic redundancy check (CRC-16) error 
checking to validate packets. Default is 8-bit CRC.
yOptional. Sets the router to perform the download using Ymodem protocol, the default 
is Xmodem protocol. The protocols differ as follows:
 Xmodem supports a 128-block transfer size. Ymodem supports a 1024-block 
transfer size.
 Ymodem uses CRC-16 error checking to  validate each packet. Depending on the 
device that the software is being downloaded from, this function might not be 
supported by Xmodem.
rOptional. Image is loaded into DRAM for execut ion. The default is to load the image into 
flash memory.
xOptional. Image is loaded into DRAM without being executed.
destination_
file_nameName of the system image file or the system  configuration file. In order for the router to 
recognize it, the name of the configuration file must be  router_confg. 
						

							 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor
  Debug Commands
Follow these steps to run Xmodem:
Step 1Move the image file to the local drive where Xmodem will execute.
Step 2Enter the xmodem command.
Error Reporting
Because the ROM monitor console download uses the console to perform the data transfer, when an error 
occurs during a data transfer, error messages are only displayed on the console once the data transfer is 
terminated. 
If you have changed the baud rate from the default rate, the error message is followed by a message 
telling you to restore the terminal to the baud rate specified in the configuration register. 
Debug Commands
Most ROM monitor debugging commands are functional only when Cisco IOS software has crashed or 
is halted. If you enter a debugging command and Cisco
 IOS crash information is not available, you see 
the following error message:
xxx: kernel context state is invalid, can not proceed.
The following are ROM monitor debugging commands:
 stack or k—Produces a stack trace; for example:
rommon 6> stackStack trace:
PC = 0x801111b0
Frame 00: FP = 0x80005ea8    PC = 0x801111b0Frame 01: FP = 0x80005eb4    PC = 0x80113694
Frame 02: FP = 0x80005f74    PC = 0x8010eb44
Frame 03: FP = 0x80005f9c    PC = 0x80008118Frame 04: FP = 0x80005fac    PC = 0x80008064
Frame 05: FP = 0x80005fc4    PC = 0xfff03d70
 context—Displays processor context; for example:
> contextxt of the most recent exception
000000 R1 = 0x832552c4 R2 = 0xffffffffR3 = 0x00000000
000021 R5 = 0x839960a8 R6 = 0x00029220R7 = 0xffffffff9c0000 R9 = 0xffffffff R22 = 0xffffffff R23 = 0xffffffff
000e881 R13 = 0xffffffff R14 = 0xffffffff R15 = 0xffffffff
fffffff R25 = 0xffffffff R30 = 0xffffffff IVPR = 0xfffffffffffffff R25 = 0xffffffff R26 = 0xffffffff R27 = 0xffffffff
fffffff R29 = 0xffffffff R30 = 0xffffffff R31 = 0xffffffff
888002 LR = 0x800e3638 CTR = 0x8003af88 XER = 0xfffffffffffffff TBL = 0xffffffff DEAR = 0xffffffff DBCR2 = Oxffffffff
fffffff DBCR0 = 0xffffffff DBCR1 = 0xffffffff DBCR2 = 0xffffffff
ffffffff IAC2 = 0xffffffff DAC1 = 0xffffffff MCSRR1 = 0xffffffff03af88 MSR = 0x00029220
 frame—Displays an individual stack frame.  
						

							 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor
  Exiting the ROM Monitor
 sysret—Displays return information from the last booted system image. This information includes 
the reason for terminating the image, a stack dump of up to eight frames, and, if an exception is 
involved, the address where the exception occurred; for example:
rommon 8> sysret
System Return Info:count: 19,  reason: user break
pc:0x801111b0,  error address: 0x801111b0
Stack Trace:FP: 0x80005ea8, PC: 0x801111b0
FP: 0x80005eb4, PC: 0x80113694
FP: 0x80005f74, PC: 0x8010eb44FP: 0x80005f9c, PC: 0x80008118
FP: 0x80005fac, PC: 0x80008064
FP: 0x80005fc4, PC: 0xfff03d70FP: 0x80005ffc, PC: 0x00000000
FP: 0x00000000, PC: 0x00000000
 meminfo—Displays size in bytes, starting address, available range of main memory, the starting 
point and size of packet memory, and size of NVRAM; for example:
rommon 9> meminfoMain memory size: 256 MB.
Available main memory starts at 0x80012000, size 0x3ffb8 KB IO (packet) memory size: 
10 percent of main memory.
NVRAM size: 192 KB
Exiting the ROM Monitor
You must set the configuration register to a value from 0x2 to 0xF for the router to boot a Cisco IOS 
image from flash memory upon startup or reloading. 
The following example shows how to reset the configuration register and cause the router to boot a 
Cisco
 IOS image stored in flash memory:
rommon 1 > confreg 0x2101
You must reset or power cycle for new configuration register to take effect:
rommon 2 > boot
The router will boot the Cisco IOS image in flash memory. The configuration register will change to 
0x2101 the next time the router is reset or power cycled. 
						

							 
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Appendix C      ROM Monitor
  Exiting the ROM Monitor 
						

							 
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APPENDIXD
Common Port Assignments
Ta b l e D-1 lists currently assigned Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port numbers. To the extent 
possible, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses the same numbers.
Ta b l e D-1 Currently Assigned TCP and UDP Port Numbers 
PortKeywordDescription
0—Reserved
1–4—Unassigned
5RJERemote job entry
7ECHOEcho
9DISCARDDiscard
11USERSActive users
13DAYTIMEDaytime
15NETSTATNetstat
17QUOTEQuote of the day
19CHARGENCharacter generator
20FTP-DATAFile Transfer Protocol (data)
21FTPFile Transfer Protocol
23TELNETTerminal connection
25SMTPSimple Mail Transport Protocol
37TIMETime
39RLPResource Location Protocol
42NAMESERVERHostname server
43NICNAMEWho is
49LOGINLogin Host Protocol 
53DOMAINDomain name server
67BOOTPSBootstrap Protocol Server
68BOOTPCBootstrap Protocol Client
69TFTPTrivial File Transfer Protocol
75–Any private dial-out service 
						

							 
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Appendix D      Common Port Assignments
  
77–Any private RJE service
79FINGERFinger
95SUPDUPSUPDUP Protocol
101HOST NAMENetwork interface card (NIC) 
hostname server
102ISO-TSAPISO-Transport Service Access Point 
(
TSAP)
103X400X400
104X400-SNDX400-SND
111SUNRPCSun Microsystems Remote 
Procedure Call 
113AUT HAuthentication service
117UUCP-PATHUNIX-to-UNIX Copy Protocol 
(UUCP) Path Service
119NNTPUsenet Network News Transfer 
Protocol
123NTPNetwork Time Protocol
126SNMPSimple Network Management 
Protocol
137NETBIOS-NSNetBIOS name service
138NETBIOS-DGMNetBIOS datagram service
139NETBIOS-SSNNetBIOS session service
161SNMPSimple Network Management 
Protocol
162SNMP-TRAPSimple Network Management 
Protocol traps
512rexecUNIX remote execution (control)
513TCP—rlogin 
UDP—rwho
TCP—UNIX remote login
UDP—UNIX broadcast name 
service
514TCP—rsh 
UDP—syslog
TCP—UNIX remote shell
UDP—system log
515PrinterUNIX line printer remote spooling
520RIPRouting Information Protocol 
525TimedTime server 
Table D-1 Currently Assigned TCP and UDP Port Numbers (continued)
Port Keyword Description