Runco Vx 40d Projector User Manual

							
93Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Glossary
APPENDIX A
This appendix defines the specific terms used in this manual as they apply to this projector. 
Also included are other general terms commonly used in the projection industry.
Active Line Time ➤The time, inside one horizontal scan line, during which video is generated.
Ambient Light Rejection ➤ The ability of a screen to reflect ambient light in a direction away from the “line of best 
viewing”. Curved screens usually have good ambient light rejection. Flat screens usually 
have less ambient light rejection.
Analog Video ➤The video output of most computers and videotape machines. Analog video can generate 
a large number of colors.
Anamorphic ➤Having or requiring a linear distortion, generally in the horizontal direction. 
Anamorphic lenses can restore a ‘scope’ (CinemaScope) or ‘flat’ format film frame to the 
correct wide-screen appearance by increasing its horizontal proportion.
ANSI ➤ The American National Standards Institute is the organization that denotes the 
measurement standard for lamp brightness.
Aspect Ratio ➤The ratio of the width of an image to its height, such as the 4:3 aspect ratio common in 
video output. Can also be expressed as a decimal number, such as 1.77, 1.85 or 2.39. 
The larger the ratio or decimal, the wider and “less square” the image.
Auto Source ➤The ability of the projector to automatically recognize and synchronize to the horizontal 
and vertical scan frequencies of an input signal for proper display.
Bandwidth ➤The frequency range of the projector’s video amplifier.
Baud Rate ➤The speed (bits-per-second) at which serial communications travel from their origin.
Blanking Time ➤The time inside one scan line during which video is not generated. The blanking time of the 
input signal must be equal to or greater than the retrace time of the projector.
Brightness ➤In projection, brightness usually describes the amount of light emitted from a surface such 
as a screen. It is measured in foot-lamberts or candelas per square meter.
Candela or Candle ➤Unit of measure for measuring intensity of light.
Channel ➤A collection of measurements stored by the projector for a given input source, including 
frequencies, pulse width, polarity, syncs, channel number and location, user adjustable 
display settings, etc. Use channels to switch between a variety of setups quickly
, 
automatically recalling previously defined display parameters.
Channel List ➤ A list/menu of previously-defined channels available in projector memory.
Channel Number ➤A number that uniquely identifies a specific channel retained in projector memory. The 
projector can retain up to 99 channels.
Checkbox ➤A menu item that indicates whether an option is currently in effect (checked) or not 
(unchecked).
Chrominance ➤The signal representing the color information (hue and saturation) when the image is 
represented as separate chrominance and luminance. Same as “chroma”.
Color Gamut ➤The range of colors allowed in a specific system, as defined within a triangular area located 
on the CIE color locus diagram whose corners are the three primaries defined in the 
system. Also known as color space.
Color Shift ➤A change in the tint of a white field across an image. 
						

							
94Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Appendix A: Glossary

Color Temperature ➤
The coloration (reddish, white, bluish, greenish, etc.) of white in an image, measured using 
the Kelvin (degrees K) temperature scale. Higher temperatures output more light.
Component Video ➤See YCbCr or YPbPr.
Composite Video ➤The output of video tape players and some computers, characterized by synchr
onization, 
luminance and color signals combined on one output cable.
Contrast (ratio) ➤The degree of difference between the lightest and darkest areas of the image.
Convergence ➤ The alignment of the red, green, and blue elements of a projected image so that they 
appear as a single element.
CSMS ➤ The Cinema Standards Measurement System (CSMS) is a method of measuring home 
theater projector light output in terms that Runco believes can be better understood by 
the typical consumer. It consists of three separate measurement steps to provide three 
separate ratings for the projector: ANSI Lumens, ANSI Home Theater Lumens and Foot-
Lamberts.
Curved Screen ➤A projection screen which is slightly concave for improved screen gain. Curved screens 
usually have screen gains, which are greater than 1 but viewing angles much less than 
180°. Curved screens are not recommended for use with this projector.
DDC ➤The Display Data Channel VESA standard enables communication between PCs and 
monitors, and is based on E-EDID protocol.
DDI ➤A “direct digital interface” signal can be supplied to the projector via an optional digital 
input module installed in INPUT 5. For example, you can input an SMPTE- 259M signal 
using a Serial Digital Input Module or input an SMPTE-272M signal fr
om a Digital HDTV 
Serial Input Module.
DMD™ ➤Digital Micromirror Devices™ used in this projector for processing red, green and blue 
color data.
Decoder ➤Located at INPUT 3 and INPUT 4, this device converts NTSC 3.58, NTSC 4.4, P
AL, PAL-
N, PAL-M, or SECAM to RGB video.
Detail ➤ The sharpness of a display from a video source.
Diffused Screen ➤A type of rear-projection screen which spreads the light striking it. Screen gain is less than 
1 but audience viewing angles are increased.
Display Setting ➤An adjustment that affects the display of an image. Such display settings include contrast, 
brightness, tint, blanking, size, offsets, and others.
Dot Clock ➤The maximum frequency of the pixel clock. Also known as pixel clock rate.
E-EDID ➤The Enhanced Extended Display Identification Data standard, established by VESA, 
enables properties (such as resolution) of a display device to be detected by the display 
card in a controlling device such as a PC. The PC, in turn, can then output in a matching 
format to fill the display. Some sources used with the projector are VESA EEDID reported.
Flicker ➤A very rapid variation in image brightness caused by a frame rate that is too slow
. (See 
Interlace) See also Lamp Flicker.
Foot-Candle ➤ The intensity of visible light per square foot.
Foot-Lambert ➤The luminance (brightness) which results from one foot-candle of illumination falling on a 
perfectly diffuse surface.
Frame Rate ➤The frequency at which complete images are generated. For non-interlaced signals, the 
frame rate is identical to the vertical frequency. For interlaced signals, the frame rate (also 
known as field rate) is one half of vertical frequency. 
						

							
95Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating ManualAppendix A: Glossary

Gain or Screen Gain ➤
The ability of a screen to direct incident light to an audience. A flat matte white wall has 
a gain of approximately 1. Screens with gain less than 1 attenuate incident light; screens 
with gain more than 1 direct more incident light to the audience but have a narrow viewing 
angle. For example: An image reflecting off a 10 gain screen appears 10 times brighter 
than it would if reflected off a matte white wall. Curved screens usually have larger gain 
than flat screens.
HDCP ➤High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) is a specification developed by the Intel® 
corporation  for  protecting  digital  entertainment  content  that  uses  a  digital  visual  interface 
(DVI). HDCP encrypts the transmission of digital content (signal) between the video source 
and the digital display. HDCP does not prevent the copying or recording of digital content; it 
only protects the integrity of content as it is transmitted. 
HDTV ➤High-definition  Television  (1035,  1080  and  1125  lines  interlace,  and  720  and  1080  line 
progressive formats with a 16:9 (i.e. 1.77) aspect ratio.
Help Text ➤A display of help information regarding the current task or presentation.
Horizontal Frequency ➤The frequency at which scan lines are generated, which varies amongst sources. Also called 
horizontal scan rate or line rate.
Horizontal Offset ➤The  difference  between  the  center  of  the  projected  image  and  the  center  of  the  projector 
lens.  For  clarity,  offset  is  often  expressed  as  the  maximum  amount  of  the  image  that  can 
be projected to one side of the lens center without degrading the image quality. Horizontal 
offset  ranges  can  be  affected  by  the  type  of  lens  in  use,  and  whether  or  not  the  image  is 
offset vertically at the same time.
Hot Spot ➤A circular area of a screen where the image appears brighter than elsewhere on the screen. 
A  hot  spot  appears  along  the  line  of  sight  and  “moves”  with  the  line  of  sight.  High  gain 
screens and rear screens designed for slide or movie projection usually have a hot spot.
Input ➤A physical connection route for a source signal, described by a 2-digit number representing 
1) its switcher/projector location and 2) its slot in the switcher/projector.
Input Signal ➤Signal sent from a source device to the projector.
Interface ➤A device, such as the Serial Digital Input Module, that accepts an input signal for display by 
the projector.
Interlace ➤A method used by video tape players and some computers to double the vertical resolution 
without  increasing  the  horizontal  line  rate.  If  the  resulting  frame/field  rate  is  too  low,  the 
image may flicker depending on the image content.
Keypad ➤A small push-button device for controlling most projector settings and operation. For more 
information, refer to 3.3, Using the Keypad.
Keystone ➤A distortion of the image which occurs when the top and bottom bor
ders of the image 
are unequal in length. Side borders both slant in or out, producing a “keyhole” shaped 
image. It is caused when the screen and lens surface are not parallel, or by poor Keystone 
adjustment.
Lamp Flicker ➤ As the lamp ages, the shape of two anodes may change from two points to a flattened 
state. When this occurs, the arc jumps across the gap from varying points. This is seen as 
image flicker. Turning the Lamp Conditioning feature ON will pulse the lamp and gradually 
“condition” the two anodes back to two points. Lamp Conditioning may take seconds, 
minutes or hours to reach full effectiveness. NOTE: Lamp flicker can occur at any time in 
the lamps life. The length of time, over which flicker may occur varies considerably and 
unpredictably. This behavior is inherent in UHP lamps.
Linearity ➤The reproduction of the horizontal and vertical size of characters and/or shapes over the 
entire screen. 
						

							
96Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Appendix A: Glossary

Appendix A: Glossary
Line of Best Viewing ➤
When light from a projector is incident on a screen, the light reflects from the screen such 
that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. The Line of Best Viewing is along 
the line of reflection.
Loopthrough (Loopthru) ➤The method of feeding a series of high impedance inputs from a single video source with a 
coaxial transmission line in such a manner that the line is terminated with its characteristic 
impedance at the last input on the line.
Lumen ➤The unit of measure for the amount of visible light emitted by a light source.
Luminance ➤The signal representing the measurable intensity (comparable to brightness) of an 
electronic image when the image is represented as separate chrominance and luminance. 
Luminance also expresses the light intensity of a diffuse source as a function of its area; 
measured in lumens or candles per square foot (1 lumen per square foot = 1 foot-lambert). 
SMPTE RP 98 calls for a luminance of 12 to 22 foot-lamberts for theatr
e screens. See: 
Foot-lambert.
Lux ➤The amount of visible light per square meter incident on a surface. 1 lux = 1 lumen/square 
meter = 0.093 foot-candles
Menu ➤A list of selectable options displayed on the screen.
NTSC Video ➤A video output format of some video tape and disk players. There are two types of NTSC 
(National Television Standards Committee) video: NTSC 3.58 and NTSC 4.43. NTSC 3.58 
is used primarily in North America and Japan. NTSC 4.43 is less commonly used.
Optical Screen ➤A type of rear-projection screen which re-directs light through the screen to increase 
image brightness in front of the screen. Screen gain is usually greater than 1 but audience 
viewing angles are reduced.
PAL Video ➤PAL (Phase Alternating Line) video is a 50 Hz standard with 768 x 576 resolution. It is 
found on some video tape and disk players (used primarily in Eur
ope, China and some 
South American and African countries).
Pixel ➤The smallest discernible element of data from a computer-generated image.
Pixel Phase ➤The phase of the pixel sampling clock relative to incoming data.
Pixel Tracking ➤The frequency of the pixel sampling clock, indicated by the number of pixels per line.
Projector-to-Screen ➤ 
 Distance 
The distance between the projector’s lens and the screen. Also called “Throw Distance”.
Protocol ➤The syntax used by the communication system.
Pull-down List ➤A selectable menu item that unfolds into a list of options pertaining to it.
Rear Screen ➤A translucent panel for screen projection. Incident light travels through the incident surface 
of a rear screen and forms an image on the other surface.
Resizing ➤The ability to manipulate through software commands the physical size, placement and/or 
aspect ratio of an image.
Resolution (lens) ➤The maximum number of alternate white and black horizontal lines that can be 
distinguished on a screen when a photographic target is placed between the lens and a 
light source and illuminated by that source.
Resolution (projector) ➤The maximum number of pixels that the projector can display horizontally and vertically 
across an image, such as 1024 x 768 (called XGA).
Retrace Time ➤ 
 (Horizontal) 
The minimum time required for a CRT projector to move the position of the scanning spot 
from the right edge to the left edge.
Rise Time ➤The time required by the video amplifier of the projector to increase its output from 10% to 
90% of the maximum value. 
						

							
97Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating ManualAppendix A: Glossary

RGB Video ➤The video output (analog or digital) of most computers. Analog RGB video can have 3, 4, 
or 5 wires — one each for red, green, and blue, and either none, one or two for sync. For 
three-wire RGB, the green wire usually provides sync. (See TTL Video).
RS232 ➤
A common asynchronous data transmission standard recommended by the Electronics 
Industries Association (EIA). Also called serial communication.
RS422 ➤A less common asynchronous data transmission standard in which balanced differential 
voltage is specified. RS422 is especially suited to long distances.
S-Video ➤The output from certain video tape players and video equipment. S-Video separates sync 
and luminance from color information, typically producing a higher quality display than 
composite video.
Scan Frequency ➤The horizontal or vertical frequency at which images are generated. Also known as scan 
rate or refresh rate.
Scan Line ➤One horizontal line on the display.
Scan Rate ➤The horizontal or vertical frequency at which images are generated.
SECAM ➤A video output format of some video tape and disk players (used primarily in France). 
SECAM (Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire) signals are similar in resolution and frequency 
to PAL signals. The primary difference between the two standards is in the way color 
information is encoded.
Slidebar ➤A slidebar is a graphical display of an adjustable setting. The numerical setting often 
represents a percentage but can be a specific unit such as degrees Kelvin.
Source ➤The device, such as a computer or VCR, connected to the projector for display. A source 
may have numerous corresponding channels defined and recognized by the projector. See 
Input.
Source Setup ➤See Channel.
Switcher ➤A signal selector that can be connected to a projector for the purpose of adding more 
sources.
Sync ➤This term refers to the part of the video signal that is used to stabilize the picture. Sync can 
occur in three forms:
1)  “Composite sync”: the horizontal and vertical components are together on one cable.
2) “Sync-on-green”: the sync is part of the green video.
3)  “Separate sync” or “H.SYNC and V.SYNC”: the horizontal and vertical components of 
the sync are on two separate cables.
Sync Width ➤ The duration of each sync pulse generated by a computer. The sync width is part of the 
blanking time.
TTL Video ➤A type of RGB video with digital characteristics.
Terminated ➤A wire connecting a single video source to a display device, such as a projector, must be 
terminated by a resistance (usually 75
Ω for video).
Throw Distance ➤The distance between the projector’s lens and the screen. Also called “Projector-to-Screen 
Distance”. Always use the correct Runco throw distance formula to calculate the proper 
throw distance required for your lens.
Throw Ratio ➤Throw ratio = throw distance / screen width. Typically used to differentiate lenses.
Tint ➤Balance of red-to-green necessary for realistic representation of NTSC signals.
Variable Scan ➤The ability of a projector to synchronize to inputs with frequencies within a specified range.
Vertical Frequency ➤The frequency at which images are generated. Vertical frequencies vary amongst sources. 
Also called vertical scan rate.
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix A: Glossary 
						

							
98Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Appendix A: Glossary
Vertical Offset ➤
The difference between the center of the projected image and the center of the projector 
lens. For clarity, offset is often expressed as the maximum amount of the image that can 
be projected above or below the lens center without degrading the image quality. Vertical 
offset ranges depend on the type of lens in use, and whether or not the image is offset 
horizontally at the same time.
Video ➤The signal that is used by display devices (such as projectors) to generate an image. This 
term also refers to the output of video tape/disk players and computers.
Video Decoder ➤An optional device that converts NTSC 3.58, NTSC 4.4, PAL, PAL-N, PAL-M or SECAM to 
RGB video.
Video Standard ➤A specific type of video signal, such as NTSC, PAL, SECAM. This projector can 
automatically recognize and interpret the incoming standard and display accordingly.
Viewing Angle ➤Screens do not reflect equally in all directions. Most light is reflected in a conical volume 
centered around the “line of best viewing”. Maximum brightness is perceived if you are 
within the viewing cone defined by the horizontal and vertical viewing angles.
White Balance ➤The color temperature of white used by the projector.
White Field ➤The area of an image that is white only. For example, a full white field is an image that is 
white everywhere. A 10% white field is a white area (usually rectangular) that occupies 
10% of the image; the remaining 90% is black.
YCbCr ➤A high-end digital component video signal.
YPbPr ➤A high-end analog component video signal. Sometimes called YUV, Component, or Y, R-Y, 
B-Y, the YPbPr signal by-passes the video decoder in this projector.
YUV ➤See YPbPr.
Zoom ➤The adjustment of image size by means of a zoom lens. 
						

							
99Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
A serial link of RS232 or RS422 enables ASCII communication with the projector so that it 
can be controlled remotely from a PC or other controller. From a PC, connect a standard 
9-wire RS232 serial cable to the RS232 IN port. Or, for long-distance (>100 ft.) links with 
an RS422-compatible PC or controller, connect RS422 cable to the 
RS422 port.
Serial Communications Cables
APPENDIX B
From projector to DHD Controller (RS232)
From projector to Automation System
Automation System
1 Gnd
2 Rx
3 Tx
4 Gnd
1 Gnd
2 Rx
3 Tx
4 Gnd
From projector to RS422 compatible control system
▪ Wiring from your control system (or RS232-to-
RS422 adapter) may vary. Consult the 
documentation for your device.
▪ Connect Tx+ to Rx+
▪ Connect Tx- to Rx-
▪ Connect Rx+ to Tx+
▪ Connect Rx- to Tx- 
						

							
100Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Appendix B: Serial Communications Cables
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101Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Throw Distance
APPENDIX C
Calculating Throw Distance
It  is  important  throw  distance  be  precisely  calculated  for  your  installation  using  the 
appropriate formula from the chart below. To calculate throw distance you must know the 
screen size and the lens type installed in the projector. In general, the larger you want the 
image to be the greater the distance you must allow between the lens and the screen.
NOTES: 1) Throw distance is 
measured from the screen to 
the center of the projector’s 
lens. 2) This measurement is not 
necessarily parallel to the floor as 
the projector and/or screen may 
be inclined.
Throw Distance (TD) is measured from the screen to the center of the projector’s lens.
Lens Option VX-40d / VX-50d Throw Distances VX-60d / VX-80d Throw Distances
11.65 - 1.951.48 - 1.75
22.04 - 2.731.81 - 2.40
32.86 - 4.832.56 - 4.35
44.96 - 7.904.48 - 7.15
50.8 (Approx.) 0.75 (Approx.) 
						

							
102Runco VX-40d/-50d/-60d/-80d Owner’s Operating Manual
Appendix C: Throw Distance
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