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    Cooperate in providing users of wireless phones
    with the best possible information on possible
    effects of wireless phone use on human health.
    The FDA belongs to an interagency working group of
    the federal agencies that have responsibility for
    different aspects of RF safety to ensure coordinated
    efforts at the federal level. The following agencies
    belong to this working group:
    National Institute for Occupational Safety and
    Health
    Environmental Protection Agency
    Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    National Telecommunications and Information
    Administration
    The National Institutes of Health participates in
    some interagency working group activities, as well.
    The FDA shares regulatory responsibilities for wireless
    phones with the Federal Communications
    Commission (FCC). All phones that are sold in the
    United States must comply with FCC safety
    guidelines that limit RF exposure. The FCC relies on
    the FDA and other health agencies for safetyquestions about wireless phones.
    The FCC also regulates the base stations that the
    wireless phone networks rely upon. While these base
    stations operate at higher power than do the wireless
    phones themselves, the RF exposures that people get
    from these base stations are typically thousands of
    times lower than those they can get from wireless
    phones. Base stations are thus not the subject of the
    safety questions discussed in this document.
    3. What kinds of phones are the subject of this
    update?
    The term “wireless phone” refers here to handheld
    wireless phones with built-in antennas, often called
    “cell”, “mobile”, or “PCS” phones. These types of
    wireless phones can expose the user to measurable
    Radio Frequency (RF) energy because of the short
    distance between the phone and the user’s head. 
    These RF exposures are limited by FCC safety
    guidelines that were developed with the advice of the
    FDA and other federal health and safety agencies.
    When the phone is located at greater distances from
    the user, the exposure to RF is drastically lower
    because a person's RF exposure decreases rapidly
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    with increasing distance from the source. The so-
    called “cordless phones,” which have a base unit
    connected to the telephone wiring in a house,
    typically operate at far lower power levels, and thus
    produce RF exposures far below the FCC safety
    limits.
    4. What are the results of the research done
    already?
    The research done thus far has produced conflicting
    results, and many studies have suffered from flaws in
    their research methods. Animal experiments
    investigating the effects of Radio Frequency (RF)
    energy exposures characteristic of wireless phones
    have yielded conflicting results that often cannot be
    repeated in other laboratories. A few animal studies,
    however, have suggested that low levels of RF could
    accelerate the development of cancer in laboratory
    animals. However, many of the studies that showed
    increased tumor development used animals that had
    been genetically engineered or treated with cancer-
    causing chemicals so as to be pre-disposed to
    develop cancer in the absence of RF exposure. Other
    studies exposed the animals to RF for up to 22 hours
    per day. These conditions are not similar to theconditions under which people use wireless phones,
    so we do not know with certainty what the results of
    such studies mean for human health. Three large
    epidemiology studies have been published since
    December 2000. Between them, the studies
    investigated any possible association between the
    use of wireless phones and primary brain cancer,
    glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, tumors of
    the brain or salivary gland, leukemia, or other
    cancers. None of the studies demonstrated the
    existence of any harmful health effects from wireless
    phone RF exposures. However, none of the studies
    can answer questions about long-term exposures,
    since the average period of phone use in these
    studies was around three years.
    5. What research is needed to decide whether RF
    exposure from wireless phones poses a health risk?
    A combination of laboratory studies and
    epidemiological studies of people actually using
    wireless phones would provide some of the data that
    are needed. Lifetime animal exposure studies could
    be completed in a few years. However, very large
    numbers of animals would be needed to provide
    reliable proof of a cancer promoting effect if one
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    exists. Epidemiological studies can provide data that
    is directly applicable to human populations, but ten
    or more years follow-up may be needed to provide
    answers about some health effects, such as cancer.
    This is because the interval between the time of
    exposure to a cancer-causing agent and the time
    tumors develop — if they do — may be many, many
    years. The interpretation of epidemiological studies is
    hampered by difficulties in measuring actual RF
    exposure during day-to-day use of wireless phones.
    Many factors affect this measurement, such as the
    angle at which the phone is held, or which model of
    phone is used.
    6. What is the FDA doing to find out more about
    the possible health effects of wireless phone RF?
    The FDA is working with the U.S. National Toxicology
    Program and with groups of investigators around the
    world to ensure that high priority animal studies are
    conducted to address important questions about the
    effects of exposure to Radio Frequency (RF) energy. 
    The FDA has been a leading participant in the World
    Health Organization International Electro Magnetic
    Fields (EMF) Project since its inception in 1996. An
    influential result of this work has been thedevelopment of a detailed agenda of research needs
    that has driven the establishment of new research
    programs around the world. The project has also
    helped develop a series of public information
    documents on EMF issues. 
    The FDA and the Cellular Telecommunications &
    Internet Association (CTIA) have a formal
    Cooperative Research And Development Agreement
    (CRADA) to do research on wireless phone safety.
    The FDA provides the scientific oversight, obtaining
    input from experts in government, industry, and
    academic organizations. CTIA-funded research is
    conducted through contracts with independent
    investigators. The initial research will include both
    laboratory studies and studies of wireless phone
    users. The CRADA will also include a broad
    assessment of additional research needs in the
    context of the latest research developments around
    the world.
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    7. How can I find out how much Radio Frequency
    energy exposure I can get by using my wireless
    phone?
    All phones sold in the United States must comply with
    Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
    guidelines that limit Radio Frequency (RF) energy
    exposures. The FCC established these guidelines in
    consultation with the FDA and the other federal
    health and safety agencies. The FCC limit for RF
    exposure from wireless phones is set at a Specific
    Absorption Rate (SAR) of 1.6 watts per kilogram (1.6
    W/kg). The FCC limit is consistent with the safety
    standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and
    Electronic Engineering (IEEE) and the National
    Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement.
    The exposure limit takes into consideration the body’s
    ability to remove heat from the tissues that absorb
    energy from the wireless phone and is set well below
    levels known to have effects. Manufacturers of wireless
    phones must report the RF exposure level for each
    model of phone to the FCC. The FCC website
    (
    http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety) gives directions for
    locating the FCC identification number on your phone
    so you can find your phone’s RF exposure level in the
    online listing.
    8. What has the FDA done to measure the Radio
    Frequency energy coming from wireless phones?
    The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
    (IEEE) is developing a technical standard for
    measuring the Radio Frequency (RF) energy exposure
    from wireless phones and other wireless handsets
    with the participation and leadership of FDA
    scientists and engineers. The standard,
    “Recommended Practice for Determining the Spatial-
    Peak Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human
    Body Due to Wireless Communications Devices:
    Experimental Techniques”, sets forth the first
    consistent test methodology for measuring the rate
    at which RF is deposited in the heads of wireless
    phone users. The test method uses a tissue-
    simulating model of the human head. Standardized
    SAR test methodology is expected to greatly improve
    the consistency of measurements made at different
    laboratories on the same phone. SAR is the
    measurement of the amount of energy absorbed in
    tissue, either by the whole body or a small part of
    the body. It is measured in watts/kg (or milliwatts/g)
    of matter. This measurement is used to determine
    whether a wireless phone complies with safety
    guidelines. 
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    9. What steps can I take to reduce my exposure to
    Radio Frequency energy from my wireless phone?
    If there is a risk from these products — and at this
    point we do not know that there is — it is probably
    very small. But if you are concerned about avoiding
    even potential risks, you can take a few simple steps
    to minimize your exposure to Radio Frequency (RF)
    energy. Since time is a key factor in how much
    exposure a person receives, reducing the amount of
    time spent using a wireless phone will reduce RF
    exposure. If you must conduct extended
    conversations by wireless phone every day, you could
    place more distance between your body and the
    source of the RF, since the exposure level drops off
    dramatically with distance. For example, you could
    use a headset and carry the wireless phone away
    from your body or use a wireless phone connected to
    a remote antenna. Again, the scientific data do not
    demonstrate that wireless phones are harmful. But if
    you are concerned about the RF exposure from these
    products, you can use measures like those described
    above to reduce your RF exposure from wireless
    phone use.10. What about children using wireless phones?
    The scientific evidence does not show a danger to
    users of wireless phones, including children and
    teenagers. If you want to take steps to lower
    exposure to Radio Frequency (RF) energy, the
    measures described above would apply to children
    and teenagers using wireless phones. Reducing the
    time of wireless phone use and increasing the
    distance between the user and the RF source will
    reduce RF exposure. 
    Some groups sponsored by other national
    governments have advised that children be
    discouraged from using wireless phones at all. For
    example, the government in the United Kingdom
    distributed leaflets containing such a
    recommendation in December 2000. They noted
    that no evidence exists that using a wireless phone
    causes brain tumors or other ill effects. Their
    recommendation to limit wireless phone use by
    children was strictly precautionary; it was not based
    on scientific evidence that any health hazard exists.
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    11. What about wireless phone interference with
    medical equipment?
    Radio Frequency (RF) energy from wireless phones
    can interact with some electronic devices. For this
    reason, the FDA helped develop a detailed test
    method to measure Electro Magnetic Interference
    (EMI) of implanted cardiac pacemakers and
    defibrillators from wireless telephones. This test
    method is now part of a standard sponsored by the
    Association for the Advancement of Medical
    Instrumentation (AAMI). The final draft, a joint effort
    by the FDA, medical device manufacturers, and many
    other groups, was completed in late 2000. This
    standard will allow manufacturers to ensure that
    cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators are safe from
    wireless phone EMI.
    The FDA has tested hearing aids for interference from
    handheld wireless phones and helped develop a
    voluntary standard sponsored by the Institute of
    Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). This
    standard specifies test methods and performance
    requirements for hearing aids and wireless phones so
    that no interference occurs when a person uses a
    “compatible” phone and a “compatible” hearing aidat the same time. This standard was approved by the
    IEEE in 2000. 
    The FDA continues to monitor the use of wireless
    phones for possible interactions with other medical
    devices. Should harmful interference be found to
    occur, the FDA will conduct testing to assess the
    interference and work to resolve the problem.
    12. Where can I find additional information?
    For additional information, please refer to the
    following resources:
    FDA web page on wireless phones
    (http://www.fda.gov/cellphones/)
    Federal Communications Commission (FCC) RF
    Safety Program
    (http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety)
    International Commission on Non-lonizing Radiation
    Protection
    (http://www.icnirp.de)
    World Health Organization (WHO) International EMF
    Project
    (http://www.who.int/emf)
    National Radiological Protection Board (UK)
    (http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/)
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    10 Driver Safety Tips
    Your wireless phone gives you the powerful ability to
    communicate by voice almost anywhere, anytime. An
    important responsibility accompanies the benefits of
    wireless phones, one that every user must uphold.
    When operating a car, driving is your first
    responsibility. When using your wireless phone
    behind the wheel of a car, practice good common
    sense and remember the following tips:
    1. Get to know your wireless phone and its features
    such as speed dial and redial. Carefully read your
    instruction manual and learn to take advantage of
    valuable features most phones offer, including
    automatic redial and memory. Also, work to
    memorize the phone keypad so you can use the
    speed dial function without taking your attention
    off the road. 
    2. When available, use a hands-free device. A number
    of hands-free wireless phone accessories are
    readily available today. Whether you choose an
    installed mounted device for your wireless phone
    or a speakerphone accessory, take advantage of
    these devices if available to you. 3. Make sure you place your wireless phone within
    easy reach and where you can reach it without
    removing your eyes from the road. If you get an
    incoming call at an inconvenient time, if possible,
    let your voicemail answer it for you. 
    4. Suspend conversations during hazardous driving
    conditions or situations. Let the person you are
    speaking with know you are driving; if necessary,
    suspend the call in heavy traffic or hazardous
    weather conditions. Rain, sleet, snow, and ice can
    be hazardous, but so is heavy traffic. As a driver,
    your first responsibility is to pay attention to the
    road.
    5. Don’t take notes or look up phone numbers while
    driving. If you are reading an address book or
    business card, or writing a “to-do” list while driving
    a car, you are not watching where you are going. It
    is common sense. Do not get caught in a
    dangerous situation because you are reading or
    writing and not paying attention to the road or
    nearby vehicles.
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    6. Dial sensibly and assess the traffic; if possible,
    place calls when you are not moving or before
    pulling into traffic. Try to plan your calls before
    you begin your trip or attempt to coincide your
    calls with times you may be stopped at a stop
    sign, red light, or otherwise stationary. But if you
    need to dial while driving, follow this simple tip --
    dial only a few numbers, check the road and your
    mirrors, then continue. 
    7. Do not engage in stressful or emotional
    conversations that may be distracting. Stressful or
    emotional conversations and driving do not mix;
    they are distracting and even dangerous when you
    are behind the wheel of a car. Make people you
    are talking with aware you are driving and if
    necessary, suspend conversations which have the
    potential to divert your attention from the road.
    8. Use your wireless phone to call for help. Your
    wireless phone is one of the greatest tools you can
    own to protect yourself and your family in
    dangerous situations -- with your phone at your
    side, help is only three numbers away. Dial 911 or
    other local emergency number in the case of fire,
    traffic accident, road hazard, or medical emergency.Remember, it’s a free call on your wireless phone! 
    9. Use your wireless phone to help others in
    emergencies. Your wireless phone provides you a
    perfect opportunity to be a “Good Samaritan” in
    your community. If you see an auto accident, crime
    in progress or other serious emergency where lives
    are in danger, call 911 or other local emergency
    number, as you would want others to do for you. 
    10. Call roadside assistance or a special wireless non-
    emergency assistance number when necessary.
    Certain situations you encounter while driving
    may require attention, but are not urgent enough
    to merit a call for emergency services. But you
    can still  use your wireless phone to lend a hand.
    If you see a broken-down vehicle posing no
    serious hazard, a broken traffic signal, a minor
    traffic accident where no one appears injured or a
    vehicle you know to be stolen, call roadside
    assistance or other special non-emergency
    wireless number.
    For more information, please call to 888-901-SAFE,
    or visit our website www.ctia.org.
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    Consumer Information on SAR
    (Specific Absorption Rate)
    This model phone meets the government's
    requirements for exposure to radio waves. Your
    wireless phone is a radio transmitter and receiver. It is
    designed and manufactured not to exceed the
    emission limits for exposure to Radio Frequency (RF)
    energy set by the Federal Communications
    Commission of the U.S. Government. These limits are
    part of comprehensive guidelines and establish
    permitted levels of RF energy for the general
    population. The guidelines are based on standards
    that were developed by independent scientific
    organizations through periodic and thorough
    evaluation of scientific studies. The standards include
    a substantial safety margin designed to assure the
    safety of all persons, regardless of age and health.
    The exposure standard for wireless mobile phones
    employs a unit of measurement known as the Specific
    Absorption Rate, or SAR. The SAR limit set by the
    FCC is 1.6 W/kg. Tests for SAR are conducted using
    standard operating positions specified by the FCC
    with the phone transmitting at its highest certified
    power level in all tested frequency bands. AlthoughSAR is determined at the highest certified power
    level, the actual SAR level of the phone while
    operating can be well below the maximum value.
    Because the phone is designed to operate at multiple
    power levels to use only the power required to reach
    the network, in general, the closer you are to a
    wireless base station antenna, the lower the power
    output.
    Before a phone model is available for sale to the
    public, it must be tested and certified to the FCC
    that it does not exceed the limit established by the
    government-adopted requirement for safe exposure.
    The tests are performed in positions and locations
    (e.g., at the ear and worn on the body) as required
    by the FCC for each model. 
    The highest SAR value for this model phone when
    tested for use at the ear is 1.3 W/kg and when worn
    on the body, as described in this user guide, is
    0.886 W/kg (body-worn measurements differ
    among phone models, depending upon available
    accessories). While there may be differences
    between SAR levels of various phones and at various
    positions, they all meet the government requirement
    for safe exposure.
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    							The FCC has granted an Equipment Authorization for
    this model phone with all reported SAR levels
    evaluated as in compliance with the FCC RF emission
    guidelines. SAR information on this model phone is
    on file with the FCC and can be found under the
    Display Grant section of
    http://www.fcc.gov/oet/fccid after searching on FCC
    ID BEJLG200C. Additional information on Specific
    Absorption Rates (SAR) can be found on the Cellular
    Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA)
    website at http://www.ctia.org.
    *In the United States and Canada, the SAR limit for
    mobile phones used by the public is 1.6 watts/kg
    (W/kg) averaged over one gram of tissue. The
    standard incorporates a substantial margin of safety
    to give additional protection for the public and to
    account for any variations in measurements.
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