3M Dynatel 2273 Advanced Cable and Fault Locator User Manual

							LOCATING A BURIED CABLE
Receiver Setup
Note:  Key descriptions can be found on the side of the Receiver.
Press 
 to turn the Receiver on.
Press  
 to select the 50/60 Hz power frequency (see section on
Selecting Passive Power Frequencies on Page 12) for passive locating;
otherwise, select the same frequency as the Transmitter.
Press 
 to adjust the speaker volume as needed: off, normal, high, or
high-expanded.  The high-expanded setting causes the audio to cut off
below a certain threshold.
Press  
 to select a locate mode (Peak , Null , or Diff
).   To select Special Peak mode: from Peak mode, press and hold
 then press to toggle between Peak and Special Peak modes.
While in Special Peak mode, the peak flag will flash.
Note:  Peak, Special Peak, or Null mode may require re-setting the
Receiver gain. Press 
 when the bar graph remains either fully open or
fully closed.  This is not necessary in differential mode since the unit
automatically adjusts theReceiver gain.
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							About Trace  Modes
Peak: 
In this mode, as the antenna crosses the cable, the Receiver speaker volume
increases to a maximum and the bar graph fills from both sides toward the middle.
As the antenna moves off the cable path, the speaker volume decreases and the bar
graph opens.
Peak with High-Expanded: While in Peak mode, press  to select High-
Expanded (the highest setting). Speaker response is cut off as the antenna moves
away from the cable.
Null: In this mode, the signal is a minimum directly over the cable and is
maximum on either side of the cable.  The speaker volume and display signal
strength correspond to the signal being received.  In the normal bar graph display
mode (Null flag flashing) the bar graph opens at low signal strength  and closes at
high signal strength.  In the inverse Null bar graph display mode (Null flag is on
solid), the bar graph closes at low signal strength and opens at high signal strength.
Differential: In this mode, the Receiver provides an indication of the relative
position of the cable to the Receiver by displaying right or left arrows (the arrow
points toward the cable). The bar graph increases to a maximum as the Receiver
antenna is moved directly over the cable path. Speaker response is a high warbling
tone to the right of the cable path, a low warbling tone to the left, and a solid tone
directly over the cable.
Special Peak Mode:  This mode will increase the signal sensitivity of the
Receiver when the signal is too weak for normal tracing. Use special attention when
using this mode because it is more susceptible to congestion than the normal peak mode.
Numerical Signal Strength Display Resolution: The user may select
between 3 levels of signal strength resolution. The setting will be displayed on the
right end of the bar graph during selection. To change the setting, press and hold
the          key during power up then press the             key. Display resolution may
be changed between the standard 1X, (no bars illuminated), 2X, (One bar
illuminated), and 4X (Two bars illuminated). The unit saves the last setting until
changed.
Note:  While tracing cables in any mode, keep the Receiver handle in line with the
suspected cable path.
Page 11       
						

							Selecting Passive Power Frequencies
See section Initial Receiver Configuration (Page 3) to set the power
frequency to 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The Receiver can be tuned to locate 3
different harmonics of the chosen power frequency.
    H50 Hz or H60 Hz (high harmonic): Best for general locating of
    passive power.
    L50 Hz or L60 Hz (low harmonic): Works best on primary power
    cables. May be used when high harmonic is weak or erratic.
    100 Hz or 120 Hz: For locating rectified AC power signals, often found
    on pipelines using impressed current cathodic protection.
When a Power frequency is selected, the Hz symbol will flash, indicating
that alternate frequencies are available.  To change the selected power
frequency, press and hold 
 then press  to select the next Power
frequency.
Selecting Auxiliary Frequencies
Auxiliary frequencies are used to trace cables without using frequencies
supplied by the 2273 transmitter. The Receiver may be able to detect these
auxiliary frequencies, depending on the model:
31 kHz: For locating in-service CATV cables.
512, 560 Hz or other frequencies for locating cables connected to a
remote location transmitter with that frequency.
If your Receiver has multiple auxiliary frequencies, the Hz symbol will
flash when one is selected.  To change the selected auxiliary frequency,
press and hold 
 then press  to select the next auxiliary frequency.
Page 12         
						

							DETERMINING CABLE DEPTH AND CURRENT
Place the Receiver Antenna on the ground directly above the cable with
the handle parallel to the path. Press 
 and the display will indicate the
cable depth and relative current 
. Current is displayed in the lower left
corner of the display. Press 
 twice to continue tracing. You may also
press 
 to return to Trace mode.
Note:  During a depth-current measurement, the display will exhibit
     ' – – – '  when the received signal is too low, too high, or erratic.
Page 13         
						

							Using Current  Indications During Locating
Both the Transmitter and Receiver will indicate cable current.  These
current indications will help to select a trace frequency, identify the correct
cable and troubleshoot the set up.
When using the direct connect method, the Transmitter output current
number is displayed. A LO display, or number less than 50, indicates a
weak tracing signal. A number higher than 70 represents a strong tracing
signal. When the Receiver is used to find the cable near the Transmitter
connection point, the current number displayed in the Receiver should
correspond (within 5 points) to the Transmitter number if: you are over the
correct cable, and most of the signal is flowing in that cable.
Note:  On the Transmitter every ten units on the current display represents
a factor of two in current magnitude. On the receiver, trace current
readings for 512Hz, 560 Hz and all additional auxiliary frequencies
(except 31.5 kHz) are now displayed in milliamps. For all other trace
frequencies every ten units on the current display represents a factor of two
in current magnitude.
When the Transmitter signal is applied using the Dyna-Coupler, the
Transmitter current display indicates the current in the coupler and not in
the cable. In order to get a measure of the cable current, point the Receiver
at the exposed cable about two feet from the Dyna-Coupler.  This will be
the current number that should be used to identify the correct cable.
In general, when the Transmitter is set up to apply more current on the
target cable than any other cable, the cable can easily be identified because
the Receiver current reading will be highest.
Note:   Since some of the signal in the cable will bleed into the earth, it is
expected that the Receiver current indication along the cable will decrease
gradually away from the Transmitter.  This effect is more pronounced at
higher frequencies.
Page 14   
						

							LOCATING SHEATH FAULTS
Transmitter Setup
Remove both the near-end and far-end shield bonds from the test
section. Perform a battery test then with the Transmitter off, connect
the Black clip to the ground rod. Place the ground rod behind the
Transmitter, away from the faulted section, and in line with the cable
path. If necessary, extend the ground lead with the Ground Extension
Cable.
Attach the Red clip to the shield. Press            to turn the Transmitter
on in the Ohms mode  
.   Measure the fault resistance. The results
are displayed in ohms. Note that failure to disconnect the shield bonds
at either the near-end or the far-end produces a heavy fault indication.
Press  
                        again, to select the Fault mode          . For maximum fault
sensitivity, select high output level by pressing           .
Receiver Setup
Press           to turn the Receiver on.
Press           to select Fault mode          . Connect the Earth Contact
Frame to the accessory jack on the Receiver using the earth frame
cable. Near the location of the ground rod (about one step away), insert
the frame probes fully into the ground with the green-banded leg
towards the fault and in line with the cable path. Press          to record a
fault level reference visible in the lower left corner of the display. The
Receiver bar graph is visible on the right side (green).This indicates
that the fault is ahead of the operator in the direction of the green-
banded leg. Continue along the cable path, re-inserting the frame
probes every few steps while watching the Receiver bar graph. When
the bar graph is visible on the left side (red), the fault has been passed
and is now behind the operator. Move back, inserting the frame every
few inches, until the bar graph returns to the green side. Turn the frame
ninety degrees to the cable path. The fault is located beneath the center
of the frame when the bar graph changes from one side to the other.
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							Page 16
To verify the fault location, insert the frames red probe directly on the
spot identified above. Pivot the frame in a circle around the red leg re-
inserting the green leg in the ground every few degrees of the circle. The
bar graph should always be on the left (red) indicating that the fault is
directly below the red leg.
After a fault is found and pinpointed, move the Earth Contact Frame
about one frame width away from the fault and insert it in the ground
with the green-banded leg towards the fault. Compare the numeric
indicator reading with the fault level reference in the lower left corner of
the display. If they are close, the fault is the major one. If the fault
reading is 20 points less than the reference reading, multiple faults may
exist. Further searching is necessary to find the fault with the highest
reading.
cable path
red leg   
						

							Page 17
LOCATING AN ACTIVE DUCT PROBE (ADP)
 Press  to turn the Receiver on.
Press  to select the 33kHz frequency.
Press  to select the Peak mode         . If you find that the
received signal is too weak in this mode, try the Special Peak mode.
To select Special Peak mode, from Peak mode, press and hold
then press            to toggle between Peak and Special Peak
modes.
While in this mode the Peak flag will flash.
With the Receiver handle perpendicular to the conduit path, locate
the ADP position by moving along the path until a peak is found.
Press when the bar graph remains either fully open or fully
closed. Refer to the ADP operating instructions for further
information.
      Determining ADP Depth
Place the Receiver Antenna on the ground directly above the located
ADP position maintaining the handle orientation perpendicular to the
path. Press            twice to display ADP depth              .  To return to
trace mode, press             or            .
      Note: During a depth measurement, the display will exhibit '---' when the
received signal  is too low, too high or erratic.                       
						

							Page 18
LOCATING EMS MARKERS
EMS markers may be detected and located using either the Dynatel™
2205 or 2206 EMS Marker Locating Accessory.  To attach the accessory,
slide the Receiver horizontally into EMS Marker Locating Accessory
mounting slot. Make sure the locking button holds the Receiver securely
in the slot. To separate the units, press the locking button down and slide
the Receiver out of the EMS Marker Locating Accessory mounting slot.
   Press           to turn the Receiver on.
Locating Markers while Tracing Cable Path
To detect markers while tracing the cable path, set the 2205 or 2206
accessory mode switch to the Alert position, and trace the cable path
normally.  The internal buzzer in the accessory will alert you to the
proximity of a detected marker.
Note:  Do not use Null or Differential modes when using the 2205 or 2206.
Locating Markers using the Receiver
If the buzzer response is too broad, the exact marker position may be
pinpointed by using the Receiver.
Select 577 Hz or 33 kHz on the Accessory.  Use a different
frequency from the tracing signal.
Turn the Receiver ON, select Peak mode, and set the frequency to
match the Accessory setting.
Note:  The initial Receiver gain in Peak mode is optimized for interfacing
with the 2205 or 2206 Accessory while searching for a marker.  Press 
only when a marker is detected and the signal is too strong.  To search for
a new marker, reset the Receiver gain to the initial setting by turning its
power OFF and back ON, or pressing 
 and then re-selecting the Peak
mode.
Refer to the EMS Marker Locating Accessory operating instructions for
further information.   
						

							Page 19
TONING AERIAL FAULTS
Transmitter Setup
Perform a battery test; then with the Transmitter off, plug the direct
connect cable into the front panel jack.
If fault is a shorted pair, connect Red clip to tip and the Black clip to ring.
If the fault is a cross (two pairs involved), connect the Red clip to crossed
conductor of one pair and the Black clip to the crossed conductor of the
other pair.
If the fault is a ground, connect the Red clip to the faulted conductor and
the Black clip to ground.
Press           to turn the Transmitter on and select Ohms mode 
 to verify
the fault.  Press twice more to select the Tone mode 
.
Press 
 to change the high output level.
Receiver Setup
Press  to turn the Receiver on.
Press         to select Tone mode 
 .
Connect a toning coil to the Receiver accessory jack.
Press 
 to select the low toning frequency (577 Hz).
Move the toning coil along the cable and find a peak signal then
press 
 to adjust the Receiver gain.
Press  to adjust the speaker volume as needed.
Follow the cable with the toning coil. An aerial fault is located at the
point where the tone stops or drops off sharply.